题目内容
Exercise seems to be good for the human brain，with many recent studies suggesting that regular exercise improves memory and thinking skills．But an interesting new study asks whether the apparent cognitive benefits from exercise are real or just a placebo effect — that is，if we think we will be “smarter” after exercise，do our brains respond accordingly？The answer has significant implications for any of us hoping to use exercise to keep our minds sharp throughout our lives．
While many studies suggest that exercise may have cognitive benefits，recently some scientists have begun to question whether the apparently beneficial effects of exercise on thinking might be a placebo effect．So researchers at Florida State University in Tallahassee and the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign decided to focus on expectations，on what people anticipate that exercise will do for thinking．If people’s expectations jibe (吻合) closely with the actual benefits，then at least some of those improvements are probably a result of the placebo effect and not of exercise．
For the new study，which was published last month in PLOS One，the researchers recruited 171 people through an online survey system，they asked half of these volunteers to estimate by how much a stretching and toning regimens (拉伸运动) performed three times a week might improve various measures of thinking．The other volunteers were asked the same questions，but about a regular walking program．
In actual experiments，stretching and toning program generally have little if any impact on people’s cognitive skills．Walking，on the other hand，seems to substantially improve thinking ability．
But the survey respondents believed the opposite，estimating that the stretching and toning program would be more beneficial for the mind than walking．The estimates of benefits from walking were lower．
These data，while they do not involve any actual exercise，are good news for people who do exercise．“The results from our study suggest that the benefits of aerobic exercise are not a placebo effect,” said Cary Stothart，a graduate student in cognitive psychology at Florida State University，who led the study．
If expectations had been driving the improvements in cognition seen in studies after exercise，Mr．Stothart said，then people should have expected walking to be more beneficial for thinking than stretching．They didn’t，implying that the changes in the brain and thinking after exercise are physiologically genuine．
The findings are strong enough to suggest that exercise really does change the brain and may，in the process，improve thinking，Mr．Stothart said．That conclusion should encourage scientists to look even more closely into how，at a molecular level，exercise remodels the human brain，he said．It also should encourage the rest of us to move，since the benefits are，it seems，not imaginary，even if they are in our head．
1.Which of the following about the placebo effect is TRUE according to the passage？
A．It occurs during exercise．
B．It has cognitive benefits．
C．It is just a mental reaction．
D．It is a physiological response．
2.Why did the researchers at the two universities conduct the research？
A．To discover the placebo effect in the exercise．
B．To prove the previous studies have a big drawback．
C．To test whether exercise can really improve cognition．
D．To encourage more scientists to get involved in the research．
3.What can we know about the research Cary Stothart and his team carried out？
A．They employed 171 people to take part in the actual exercise．
B．The result of the research removed the recent doubt of some scientists．
C．The participants thought walking had a greater impact on thinking ability．
D．Their conclusion drives scientists to do research on the placebo effect．
4.What might be the best title for the passage？
A．Is it necessary for us to take exercise？
B．How should people exercise properly？
C．What makes us smarter during exercise？
D．Does exercise really make us smarter？
阅读填空（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分释）
Food makes us feel good, but some people eat when they aren’t really hungry and eat to simply feel good. This kind of eating habit is called emotional eating, which does not affect adults but also young children. It isn’t a good thing.
A child’s eating habits can develop right from childhood. As we know, a baby cries out if he doesn’t get milk at the usual time of the day. However, sometimes parents immediately stick a bottle in a child’s mouth without trying to find out if the child is really hungry. In fact, children may cry for other reasons. Even as children grow up and start going to school, parents sometimes give them a chocolate bar if they become really unhappy. As the children further grow up, they may become used to having a snack whenever they’re upset or low.
Therefore, they’d like to eat an emotional snack when they have the feeling of unhappiness and boredom. Even when they don’t get high grades, aren’t popular at school or made fun of by others, they will want something to eat. After having the snack, they feel a lot better.
Emotional eating in young children is a thing that needs to be taken seriously. To protect your children from emotional eating, you should satisfy your child’s emotional needs in the best possible way. This includes spending time with your child every day, taking an interest in his school work, helping your child study, providing a health environment without tension at home, etc. Don’t make the child lose face by scolding him. Develop confidence in your child. Make your child eat enough once in a while. Reward him for his achievements.
All this will help your little one develop a healthy eating habit. And always remember love and care is the key to help you child out of trouble and grow up happily.
Title: 1. in Young Children
Definition | Eating for feeling good instead of for 2.. |
Causes | forming the habit when they are 3.． feeling4.． feeling getting low grades and feeling 5. being made fun of by others |
6. | staying with your child for some time every day being 7. in your child’s studies and help him study providing a healthy environment without tension at home avoiding 8. to make him ashamed making your child 9. in himself giving your child enough to eat once in a while giving your child reward for what he has achieved |
10. | Love and care helps children out of trouble. |
