Early Native American groups lived in different cultural areas. Their environments had resources. Each group made particular products or developed certain skills, besed on their own As they perfected 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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Early Native American groups lived in different cultural areas. Their environments had resources. Each group made particular products or developed certain skills, besed on their own As they perfected their skills, exciting began to happen. For the first time in their history, they had more things than they

They wouldn’t let their products go to , of course. When Native American groups began to communicate with each other, they began to things they wanted or needed. The they traded goods and services without using any form of money was called bartering. Thanks to bartering, people began to enjoy a better of life. To barter with others meant that work became much . No one group had to work as hard to make or find everything they needed for survival.

Native American groups would often travel long distances for the chance to with each other. In between trading times, they would or collect extra products. They kept them especially for the purpose of bartering with other native groups at their trade meetings.

Another of trading between cultural areas was that people could enjoy products that were to make with the resources in their own . For example, people from the Desert Southwest area tools made from whalebone(鲸须). There was no whalebone available in the . However they could get it from the natives living in the Pacific Northwest area.

Some people use bartering today to get things the need. You might to do the dishes for your brother if he will take you to the movies. Especially in hard economic people return to this way of getting things they need.

1.A．strange B．ordinary C．similar D．different

2.A．skills B．interests C．resources D．customs

3.A．everything B．something C．anything D．nothing

4.A．found B．collected C．needed D．sold

5.A．market B．town C．waste D．charity

6.A．buy B．share C．produce D．save

7.A．way B．idea C．plan D．study

8.A．variety B．habit C．quantity D．quality

9.A．harder B．dirtier C．easier D．nicer

10.A．greet B．trade C．work D．play

11.A．use B．create C．send D．advertise

12.A．choice B．trouble C．benefit D．pleasure

13.A．illegal B．necessary C．impossible D．natural

14.A．desert B．trade C．group D．area

15.A．designed B．wanted C．discovered D．invented

16.A．water B．sea C．desert D．1and

17.A．yet B．still C．even D．never

18.A．fear B．earn C．offer D．refuse

19.A．development B．generation C．disadvantage D．times

20.A．age-old B．world-famous C．new-born D．ready-made

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阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

Questioning can lead to ___1.____(search) for an answer. If we are in the habit of raising doubts as to ___2.___ what we are told is true, we can find the correct answer and learn more.

Two years ago, our teacher ____3._(offer) us an answer to a difficult math problem in class. Although the answer seemed a little strange, nobody ____4.___ I doubted it. Thinking that his answer might be wrong, I ____5.___(careful) analyzed the problem and tries to work ___6._ out in a different way. Half an hour ___7.____, I managed to find the correct answer. When I showed my answer to him, the teacher praised me for my ___8.____(depend) thinking.

From this experience, I have learned that questioning can serve as ___9._____ bridge that helps us to seek the ___10.___(true).

—Something smells really good in here!

—You ______ my Easter cookies．Have one!

A．smell

B．are smelling

C．were smelling

D．smelt

With doubts _______ through my mind, I felt it necessary to carry out a research.

A．to run B．run

C．running D．having run

The landlady prefers to have women in the apartment rather than men. She thinks women take______ care of things!

A. well B. good C. better D. best

The cultures of the East and the West really disting?uish from each other a lot.This is because the culture systems are two separate systems ____.

The origin of the eastern cultures is mainly from two countries：China and India.Both of the two cultures are gestated(孕育) by ___.In China，the mother river is the Yellow River ___ the Indian one is the Hindu River.These two cultures were ____ for several thousand years and formed their own styles.Then in the Tang Dynasty of China，the Chinese culture ____ went overseas to Japan，____ into the Japanese society and ___ the Japanese culture nowadays.Though a bit different from the Chinese one，it ____ to the same system.

When the two mother rivers gave birth to the eastern culture，another famous culture was ____ on the Mesopotamian Plain(美索不达米亚平原)—the Mesopotamian Civilization.This civilization later on developed into the cultures of the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.And these two are well?known as the ____ of the European culture.____ the Chinese culture，the European one also ____ waters.When the colonists of England ____ in America，their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean.So the American culture doesn’t ___ from the European one a lot.

At the same time，the ____ of the language systems adds to the cultural differences.In the East，most languages belong to the pictographic(象形文字的) languages while the Western languages are ____ based on the Latin system，for example，the one I’m using to write this paper.

Other factors like human race difference ____ as well.However，___ the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West，the two cultures seldom ___ until recent centuries.____ they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference(干扰) from the other.

1.A. above all B．on the whole C．in all D．in no case

2.A. mountains B．plains C．lakes D．rivers

3.A. or B．for C．while D．when

4.A. developed B．improved C．created D．protected

5.A. suddenly B．quietly C．gradually D．naturally

6.A. mixed B．changed C．decided D．forced

7.A. expanded B．interrupted C．influenced D．shaped

8.A. comes B．belongs C．amounts D．adds

9.A. brought up B．carried out C．given out D．picked up

10.A. result B．sign C．base D．content

11.A. Via B．Except C．With D．Like

12.A. affected B．spread C．crossed D．formed

13.A. joined up B．went up C．broke down D．settled down

14.A. come B．suffer C．result D．differ

15.A. difference B．developmen C．appearance D．feature

16.A. properly B．partl C．simply D．mostly

17.A. last B．count C．reduce D．change

18.A. in terms of B．due to C．as to D．in case of

19.A. transform B．display C．communicate D．distinguish

20.A. Furthermore B．Meanwhile C．Therefore D．However

Exercise seems to be good for the human brain，with many recent studies suggesting that regular exercise improves memory and thinking skills．But an interesting new study asks whether the apparent cognitive benefits from exercise are real or just a placebo effect — that is，if we think we will be “smarter” after exercise，do our brains respond accordingly？The answer has significant implications for any of us hoping to use exercise to keep our minds sharp throughout our lives．

While many studies suggest that exercise may have cognitive benefits，recently some scientists have begun to question whether the apparently beneficial effects of exercise on thinking might be a placebo effect．So researchers at Florida State University in Tallahassee and the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign decided to focus on expectations，on what people anticipate that exercise will do for thinking．If people’s expectations jibe (吻合) closely with the actual benefits，then at least some of those improvements are probably a result of the placebo effect and not of exercise．

For the new study，which was published last month in PLOS One，the researchers recruited 171 people through an online survey system，they asked half of these volunteers to estimate by how much a stretching and toning regimens (拉伸运动) performed three times a week might improve various measures of thinking．The other volunteers were asked the same questions，but about a regular walking program．

In actual experiments，stretching and toning program generally have little if any impact on people’s cognitive skills．Walking，on the other hand，seems to substantially improve thinking ability．

But the survey respondents believed the opposite，estimating that the stretching and toning program would be more beneficial for the mind than walking．The estimates of benefits from walking were lower．

These data，while they do not involve any actual exercise，are good news for people who do exercise．“The results from our study suggest that the benefits of aerobic exercise are not a placebo effect,” said Cary Stothart，a graduate student in cognitive psychology at Florida State University，who led the study．

If expectations had been driving the improvements in cognition seen in studies after exercise，Mr．Stothart said，then people should have expected walking to be more beneficial for thinking than stretching．They didn’t，implying that the changes in the brain and thinking after exercise are physiologically genuine．

The findings are strong enough to suggest that exercise really does change the brain and may，in the process，improve thinking，Mr．Stothart said．That conclusion should encourage scientists to look even more closely into how，at a molecular level，exercise remodels the human brain，he said．It also should encourage the rest of us to move，since the benefits are，it seems，not imaginary，even if they are in our head．

1.Which of the following about the placebo effect is TRUE according to the passage？

A．It occurs during exercise．

B．It has cognitive benefits．

C．It is just a mental reaction．

D．It is a physiological response．

2.Why did the researchers at the two universities conduct the research？

A．To discover the placebo effect in the exercise．

B．To prove the previous studies have a big drawback．

C．To test whether exercise can really improve cognition．

D．To encourage more scientists to get involved in the research．

3.What can we know about the research Cary Stothart and his team carried out？

A．They employed 171 people to take part in the actual exercise．

B．The result of the research removed the recent doubt of some scientists．

C．The participants thought walking had a greater impact on thinking ability．

D．Their conclusion drives scientists to do research on the placebo effect．

4.What might be the best title for the passage？

A．Is it necessary for us to take exercise？

B．How should people exercise properly？

C．What makes us smarter during exercise？

D．Does exercise really make us smarter？

This is a story told or read to children of young ages．The heroine（女主人公）, Cinderella, treated cruelly by her stepmother and her two ugly stepsisters, is helpless until the right magic comes along．She meets her prince and they live together happily．

Just a sweet, pretty tale? Not in the view of Ellen Macintosh, who has written much about fairy tales．Ellen' s main concern is with what the story implies．

"Instead of standing up to her cruel stepmother and stepsisters, Cinderella just waits for a fairy godmother to appear and solve her problem．But wouldn't you want a daughter of yours to show more spirit?"

The story is long lasting, whatever its shortcomings, and it does' t take much to see its influence on a number of recent Hollywood productions．In these versions for the silver screen, the Cinderella character no longer has to clean the house and has no sisters to make her life terrible, though she keeps the way of not showing much courage．The character of the rich and handsome stranger, however, is kept, and in some cases really is a prince．The role of the fairy godmother is often played by luck; we live in a civilized age when even very young children might reject the idea of fairies．In the majority of film versions, the heroine has a profession and is even permitted to continue working after marrying her prince this is the twenty first century, after all．

Doesn't the success of these films indicate that the story has relevance to children even today?” Yes,, admits Ellen, who sees its message as being rooted in a fundamental childhood desire for love and attention．" Most children experience a sense of inner loneliness as they are growing up and empathize with （与…共鸣）the character who faces some sort of challenge．This can be seen in the original story of Cinderella, where the fairy godmother tells the heroine that she must learn to be gracious and confident if she is to go to the ball．She has to grow spiritually, and by maturing, she becomes attractive to the prince, thus ensuring that the ending of the story will be happy．" "In the later versions, thus element（因素）is missing," says Ellen, " and the theme of the story is simply that a girl' s role in life is to be more beautiful than other girls so that she can carry off the prize: the handsome prince．Is this really what we want girls to grow up believing?"

1.Why does Ellen disapprove of the Cinderella story?

A．The plot is too simple．

B．The description is not vivid．

C．The heroine is not brave enough．

D．The story is unfit for the children today．

2.In the film versions of the Cinderella story,_________．

A．luck plays an important role in the heroine' s happy life

B．Cinderella’s family background remains unchanged

C．the heroine becomes a successful career woman

D．the character of the prerace is removed．

3.According to Even, the film versions of the story _________

A．succeed because of the happy ending

B．ignore the children's psychological need'

C．deliver a mistaken message that beauty is everything

D．reflect modem people' s attitude towards challenges in life

4.What is the purpose of the passage?

A．To analyze the characters of the Cinderella story．

B．To introduce different versions of the Cinderella story．

C．To explain the changes of the Cinderella story over time．

D．To present a different understanding of the Cinderella story．

A certain good woman one day said something that hurt her best friend of many years. She regretted it immediately and would have done anything to have taken the words back. So she went to an older, wiser woman in the village and advice.

Listening to her, the older woman the younger woman’s distress and knew she must help her. She also knew she could ease her pain, but she could teach.

Then, she said. “There are things you need to do. The first is extremely difficult. Tonight, Take your best pillows and open a small hole in each one. Then, the sun rises, you must put a single feather on the doorstep of each house in town. When you are through, to me. If you’ve done the first thing , I’ll tell you the second.”

The young woman hurried home to prepare for her chore, the pillows were very to her and very expensive.

All night long, she went from doorstep to doorstep. Her fingers were . The wind was so sharp that it caused her eyes to water, but she ran on through the streets, that there was something she could do to put things the way they once were. Finally she placed the last feather on the steps of the last house. Just as the sun rose, she returned to the older woman.

She was exhausted but ,thinking that her efforts would be rewarded.

“Now,” said the wise woman, “Go back and your pillows. Then everything will be as it was before.”

The young woman was stunned, “You know that’s impossible! The wind each feather as fast as I placed them on the doorsteps! You didn’t say I had to get them back! If this is the second , then things will never be the same.”

“That’s true,” said the older woman. “Never forget. Each of your words is like a feather in the wind. Once , no amount of effort, how heartfelt or sincere, can ever return them to your mouth. Choose your words well and guard them most of all in the presence of those you love.”

1.A. asked about B. asked for C. asked to D. ask around

2.A. witnessed B. touched C. guessed D. sensed

3.A. ever B. almost C. never D. seldom

4.A. one B. two C. three D. four

5.A. feather B. leather C. woolen D. cotton

6.A. when B. after C. as D. before

7.A. come back B. go back C. put back D. draw back

8.A. promptly B. absolutely C. completely D. unfortunately

9.A. so as to B. even though C. now that D. in spite of

10.A. hard B. rare C. nice D. dear

11.A. freezing B. freezingly C. froze D. frozen

12.A. brightened B. widened C. darkened D. broadened

13.A. amazing B. lucky C. thankful D. surprising

14.A. on B. up C. off D. back

15.A. tired B. relieved C. grateful D. nervous

16.A. refill B. get C. purchase D. seek

17.A. blew up B. blew on C. blew away D. blew over

18.A. requirement B. situation C. consequence D. circumstance

19.A. speak B. spoken C. speaking D. being spoken

20.A. however B. whatever C. although D. regardless

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