题目内容

9．The preventive measures for forest fires include some preemptive（抢先）methods that can help reduce the risks of fires and control their severity and spread，and thus，maintain ecological balance and protect resources．Close monitoring of forest fires caused by natural factors can help prevent their spread to a large extent．To contain forest fires，fire departments usually use water and chemical fire retardants（抑制剂）that can be dropped from planes and helicopters．To control the spread of a wildfire．firefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across it．
Controlled burns are often employed by government authorities to reduce fuel buildup，and clean up the fallen leaves，and thus，prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast area．Regular controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity（生物多样性），as the smoke and heat produced in the process can facilitate（促进）the growth of seeds of certain plant species．Apart from these，responsible human behavior can help reduce the number of forest fires to a great extent．In fact，we can reduce the number of wildfires dramatically by not leaving behind any source of fire in the forest．
Forest fires can affect climate and weather to a great extent，besides causing severe damage to valuable trees．Wildfires can increase the level of greenhouse gases（water vapor，carbon dioxide，etc），and therefore increase pollution and global warming．However，they are also an important part of the ecosystem，and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproduction．But large wildfires can cause extensive damage to the ecosystem，which again highlights the importance of effective control and prevention of forest fires•

61．What may be the best title for this passage？A
A．Control and Prevention of Forest Fires
B．How to Keep Ecological Balance
C．Effects of Forest Fires
D．Methods of Fire Spread Control
62．Firefighters get rid of all fuel in all area in order toD．
A．keep close monitoring of forest fires
B．prevent the forest fire from occurring
C．protect the animals there
D．stop the wildfire from spreading
63．The government arranges some controlled burns toC．
A．burn the rubbish and keep the forest clean
B．help keep ecological balance of nature
C．reduce fuel buildup and limit forest fires spread
D．provide reasonable conditions for some plants'growth
64．A controlled forest fire may play a positive role becauseB．
A．a new forest will appear soon
B．it promotes the development of some seeds
C．nature keeps its balance only by wildfires
D．it makes the trees grow faster than before
65．The last paragraph tells us thatB．
A．the greenhouse gases are caused mainly by wildfires
B．wildfires have both positive and negative effects
C．people should be aware of the necessity of wildfires
D．all the valuable trees disappear owing to wildfires．

分析 本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了森林火灾预防有助于减少损失，减少火灾风险和控制病情蔓延从而确保生态平衡．森林火灾的危害不言而喻，但在控制中的燃烧既有助于控制火灾损失，还有助于保持生物多样性．

解答 61．A  主旨大意题．根据文章第一段"The preventive measures for forest fires include some preemptive（抢先）methods that can help reduce the risks of fires and control their severity and spread，and thus，maintain ecological balance and protect resources"可知文章从对林火的预防和发生后如何控制两方面做了介绍；故选A．
62．D  细节理解题．根据文章第一段"…control the spread of a wildfire，firefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across it．"可知消防人员清除掉所有的可燃物是为了阻止火势的蔓延；故选D．
63．C  细节理解题．根据文章第二段"…and thus，prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast area"可知得知政府这样做是为了阻止森林大火向其他地区蔓延；故选C．
64．B  细节理解题．根据文章第二段"controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity"以及最后一段"and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproduction"可知在某种程度上很多植物从大火中得到了一定的好处；故选B．
65．B  推理归纳题．根据文章最后一段：affect climate and weather，increase the level of greenhouse gases，cause extensive damage to the ecosystem等；但也有积极的一面：they are also an important part of the ecosystem．可知森林火灾有正负两面影响；故选B．

点评 考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确的选择．在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．

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12．Today there are twenty to twenty-five million shopping carts rolling around the world．In fact，the shopping cart is presently one of the most often used items on four wheels，second only to the automobile．Indeed，almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart．They will，in a lifetime，push it many miles．But few will know-or even think to ask-who it was that invented them．
Mr．Sylvan N．Goldman of Oklahoma City invented the shopping cart in 1937．Mr．Goldman's invention did not make him famous．It did，however，make him very rich．When Goldman invented the cart he was in the supermarket business．Every day he would see shoppers lugging groceries around in baskets that they had to carry．One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels．The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers．And by lightening their chore，he would attract their business．Pondering the idea，Goldman walked into his office and sat down on a folding chair．Looking down at the chair，Goldman had another idea．The carts，he realized，should be made so they could be folded up．This would make it easier to store them when not in use．
On June 4，1937，Goldman's first batch of carts was ready for use in his market．He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving．He couldn't wait to see them using his invention．But Goldman was disappointed．Most shoppers gave the carts a long look，but hardly anybody would give them a try．After a while，Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren't using his carts．"Don't you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket？"one offended shopper replied．
Day after day，the same thing happened．People wouldn't use the carts．They preferred a basket on the arm to a basket on wheels．But Goldman wasn't beaten yet．He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try．To this end，Goldman tried something that was both very clever and very funny．Believe it or not，he hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping!Seeing this，the real customers gradually began copying the phony customers．
As Goldman had hoped，the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market．But not only did more people come-those who came bought more．With larger，easier-to-handle baskets，customers unconsciously bought a greater number of goods than before．
Today's shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman's original model．Perhaps that's one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937-before the coming of the shopping cart．

59．The passage is written toC．
A．tell about the life of an inventor 
B．explain the power of advertising
C．introduce the history of an invention
D．analyze the secrets of business success
60．How did Goldman get customers to use the shopping cart？A
A．By showing how it worked．
B．By printing advertisements．
C．By giving a special discount．
D．By describing why it was useful．
61．What unexpected benefit did Goldman gain？B
A．Goldman became famous．
B．Shoppers bought more goods．
C．Shopping carts became larger．
D．More customers came to his store．
62．The passage suggests the following secrets of success EXCEPTD．
A．acting on your ideas 
B．believing in your work
C．using your imagination
D．watching your competition．
20．Can eating a chocolate bar every day really prevent age-related memory loss？No．But a new research shows that large amounts of flavones，substances found in cocoa，tea and some kinds of vegetables，may improve age-related memory failure．
Dr．Scott Small is a professor of neurology at Columbia University  in new York City．He is the lead writer of a research paper describing the effects of cocoa flavones on brain activity  His study involved 37volunteers aged between 50and 69．Researchers gave them a high-level flavones drink made from cocoa beans or a low-level flavones drink．For a period of three months，some subjects got 900milligrams of flavones a day．The others got 10milligrams of flavones each day．Brain imaging and memory tests were given to each study subject before and after the study Dr．Small says that the subjects who had the high-level flavones drink showed much improvement on memorytests．
The researchers warn that more work is needed to be done because this study was performed  only on a small group．Dr．Joann Manson is the lead researcher of a four．year study involving 18，000adults．This study will use flavones capsules（胶囊） The study subjects will be divided into two groups and will take two pills per day．The capsules used will all Look the same．But one group's capsules will contain flavones，while the other group will take capsules made of an inactive substance，or placebo
Dr．Manson says it's not necessary for people to start eating more chocolate，because 3person would have to eat a huge amount of chocolate to get the same level of flavones given to the Lest subjects．He adds many manufacturers have planned to remove the flavones from their chocolate products．Similarity，Dr．says a cocoa-based flavones extract（提取）may be developed in the future But he says that more studies are needed to see how much flavones is good for our health．

32．What was done to the subjects alter Dr．Small's study？C
A．They were asked to take a high-level flavones drink
B  They were given capsules containing flavones
C  They were given brain imaging and memory tests
D  They were asked to take two pills of flavones capsules per day
33．What's the similarity of the 2experiments？D
A Both use high-level flavones capsules
B The number of the subjects is the same
C Drinks and placebos are used in both experiments
D The subjects are divided into two groups in both experiments
34．Why will Dr．Manson carry out the four-year study？B
A To prove the first experiment is wrong
B To carry out the experiment further
C To test how much flavones can improve our memory．
D To show eating chocolate is better to improve memory．
35．What can we learn from the last paragraph？C
A It's not necessary for us to eat chocolate
B The more we eat flavones，the better our health will be
C In the future we can get flavones without eating chocolate
D  It's easy for people to get the same level of flavones given to the test subjects．
17．With the development of society，the choice of food and drinks for children is more diversified than ever before．However，every coin has two sides．Many facts suggest that children are overweight and the situation is getting worse，according to the statistics．I feel there are a number of reasons for this．
Some people blame the fact that we are surrounded by shops selling unhealthy，fatty foods，such as fried chicken and ice cream，at low prices．This has turned out a whole generation of grown-ups who seldom cook a meal for themselves．If there were fewer of these restaurants then probably children would buy less take-away food．
There is another argument that blames parents for allowing their children to become overweight．I agree to this，because good eating habits begin early in life，long before children start to visit fast food shops．If children are given fried chicken and chocolate rather than healthy food，or are always allowed to choose what they eat，they will go for sweet and salty foods every time，and this will carry on throughout their lives．
There is a third reason for this situation．Children these days take very little exercise．They do not walk to school．When they get home，they sit in front of the television or their computers．Not only is this an unhealthy pastime（消遣），it also gives them time to eat more unhealthy food．What they need is to go outside and play active games or sports．
The above are the main reasons for this problem，and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active，as well as guiding them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits．
50．What is suggested by the author to deal with"overweight"？C
A．Blaming the shops selling unhealthy and fatty foods．
B．Asking young children to walk to school every day．
C．Living an active life and removing bad eating habits．
D．Not watching TV or playing computer games after school．
51．Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text？B

52．The author writes the passage toC
A．show people a social problem          
B．provide facts for government
C．advise solutions to a problem           
D．compare opinions with people
53．The underlined word"diversified"in the first paragraph most probably meansA
A．various       B．difficult         C．expensive          D．available．
4．On an ordinary weekday evening，Jane was at home as usual．As she was considering what she was going to do with her dinner plans for the evening，she was unexpectedly interrupted by an urgent call from her sister"get over here!"
A few hours later，Jane found herself with 8 strangers in the middle of the boiling desert heat of Utah（犹他州），picking up rubbish and raising awareness about zero．waste and climate change．
Armed with a deep love of the environment and a desire to make a difference，Jane，Davey，and a group of self described"environmental pick-up artists''went on a coast to coast road side rubbish pick-up．As they walked，sometimes only covering 0.9 miles in an entire day，they slowly and steadily made their way across the United States，picking up a total of 201，678 pounds of rubbish．In the end，three years and 3，672 miles later，they dipped their feet in the cold waters of the Pacific．
The road is windy，often up-hill．With a rubbish bag as your companion，how does one remind themselves that picking up that tiny gum wrapper on the ground makes a difference？Where do you find the strength to keep going？As I asked Jane and Davey to answer these questions，they shared remarkable stories of caring environment that gave them the efforts to continue their journey．
A small group of us were lucky enough to spend two hours last Wednesday evening listening to the remarkable stories of Jane and Davey．As they shared their deep concern for the environment，we together experienced their real spirit．Jane and Davey，like so many unknown heroes in our community，might not ever draw much attention like multi-million dollar funded projects．In many ways，it is exactly that which makes their story so attractive．

61．Why did Jane's sister call her？D
A．To inform her to prepare dinner for them．
B．To seek advice on picking up rubbish．
C．To beg her to help them out of trouble．
D．To ask her to join them in their activity．
62．How did the group travel across the United States to gather rubbish？B
A．By bus．  B．On foot   C．By train．D．By bike
63．What drove them to go on with their journey？C
A．Spirit of teamwork．         
B．Interest in traveling．
C．Concern for the environment   
D．Love of natural beauty．
64．What can be concluded from the text？D
A．East or west，home is best．
B．Great times make great man
C．Actions speak louder than words．
D．Ordinary people can do extraordinary things．
65．What's the author's attitude to the actions of the group？A
A．Positive．  B．Critical  C．Casual．D．Sympathetic．
14．One of the most important recent medical breakthroughs has been the impact of gut flora（肠道菌群）on overall health．This dynamic mix of bacteria in the digestive tract（消化道）may affect everything from obesity to asthma（哮喘）．
The Gut-Mood Link
Anyone who's ever experienced"butterflies"in his or her stomach knows that the gut and the brain are connected．But until recently，scientists hadn't realized that the trillions of bacteria in our digestive tract may be driving the relationship．
One recent experiment suggests that you can control calm．Canadian researchers gave healthy mice a mixture of antibiotics，which change the makeup of GI-tract（胃肠道）bacteria．Over two weeks，some animals became more anxious and some less，depending on which drugs they received．
In another study，when gut bacteria from calm mice were transferred to anxious mice，the jittery（紧张的）creatures seemed less nervous．
UCLA professor Kirsten Tillisch，doctor of medicine，recently had healthy women eat a yogurt rich in certain types of"good"probiotic（益生菌的）bacteria．Two'Control groups ate yogurt without such bacteria or ate nothing．Brain scans of the probiotic-yogurt eaters indicated changes in regions that could be associated with a less-anxious response in fearful or stressful situations compared with the control groups．
Scientists are even exploring whether gut microbes（微生物）might treat some brain disorders．
A new study in Cell found that mice with features of autism（自ICJ症）given a type of bacteria in healthy human GI tracts exhibited less autism-like behavior．In a recent case report，a Boston ps} chiatrist says a course of certain probiotics and antibiotics helped relieve a patient's compulsive disorder．
-We tend to focus on how your mood affects your body from the top down，not the bottom up，"says Dr．Tillisch．"Now we know that the gut affects how your brain responds to the environment-it's a remarkable change in thinking．"
How Bacteria Talk to the Brain
Scientists aren't sure how gut flora affect brain chemistry．One theory is that the bacteria access pathways along the nerve，the main highway in the nervous system that links the brain to the gut．
Another is that the bacteria influence the immune system，releasing chemicals that affect conditions like depression．Finally，researchers believe that bacteria produce or affect the metabolism（新陈代'i） of chemicals，which change brain function．
Dr．Tillisch told me that patients always ask which probiotics will lift their mood．Her answer：
"We don't know yet，but we hope to one day．"In the future，patients might receive probiotics or transplant（移植） in which bacteria from the gut of a healthy person are transferred to the gut of a sic'：one-to prevent or treat mental health issues．But these approaches are years away from primary time．Until then，a diet rich in fruit and veggies helps cultivate（培养）better-balanced microbes than a typical Western diet high in animal and processed products．Avoiding unnecessary antibiotics，particularly in early childhood，may also establish healthier gut bacteria．

63．According to the passage，gut bacteria might help us in many ways EXCEPTD．
A．lightening our mood 
B．treating autism
C．relieving depression 
D．transplanting gut flora
64．The missing sentence"Everyday foods may also affect the composition of gut bacteria，and in turn，brain chemistry．"could be put beforeC•
A．Paragraph 2   B．Paragraph 3   C．Paragraph 4   D．Paragraph 5
65．Which of the following can be the best subtitle for the last paragraph？A
A．Cultivating a Happier Gut B．Growing Bacteria in the Future
C．Balancing Microbes and Diet D．Living a Happy Healthy Life．
1．If you just spend your time___ gains and losses，maybe you'll get nothing in the end．（　　）
A．checkingB．weighingC．balancingD．examining
18．The fact that she knows when to study and when to play ______a lot about the secret of her success．（　　）
A．guessesB．appearsC．talksD．says
11．Colorful fruits and vegetables are helpful to our health．Their（61）natural（nature） colors help protect our bodies from disease．Think about the colors of fruits and vegetables---the red of tomatoes，the orange of carrots，the green of apples and the purple of grapes．
You can enjoy （62）eating（eat） f ruits and vegetables of all colors---green，yellow，blue，purple，and white．Each color（63）is（be） important to our health．These colors work together to protect （64）our（we） bodies．Scientists have studied them and discovered （65）thegood of colorful fruits and vegetables．The list below shows some benefits of some colors in fruits and vegetables：
Red gives us a healthy heart．It can（66）possibly（possible） reduce heart disease．Red helps improve our memory．
Yellow is good （67）forour eyes．
White can reduce cholesterol（胆固醇）．
Green is helpful to eyes．It also gives us strong bones and （68）teeth（tooth）．
Blue helps us keep a good memory as we grow old．It also helps fight heart disease．
So，69 you are buying or eating fruits and vegetables，remember（70）to try（ try）different colors of them．

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