题目内容

14.One of the most important recent medical breakthroughs has been the impact of gut flora(肠道菌群)on overall health.This dynamic mix of bacteria in the digestive tract(消化道)may affect everything from obesity to asthma(哮喘).
The Gut-Mood Link
Anyone who's ever experienced"butterflies"in his or her stomach knows that the gut and the brain are connected.But until recently,scientists hadn't realized that the trillions of bacteria in our digestive tract may be driving the relationship.
One recent experiment suggests that you can control calm.Canadian researchers gave healthy mice a mixture of antibiotics,which change the makeup of GI-tract(胃肠道)bacteria.Over two weeks,some animals became more anxious and some less,depending on which drugs they received.
In another study,when gut bacteria from calm mice were transferred to anxious mice,the jittery(紧张的)creatures seemed less nervous.
UCLA professor Kirsten Tillisch,doctor of medicine,recently had healthy women eat a yogurt rich in certain types of"good"probiotic(益生菌的)bacteria.Two'Control groups ate yogurt without such bacteria or ate nothing.Brain scans of the probiotic-yogurt eaters indicated changes in regions that could be associated with a less-anxious response in fearful or stressful situations compared with the control groups.
Scientists are even exploring whether gut microbes(微生物)might treat some brain disorders.
A new study in Cell found that mice with features of autism(自ICJ症)given a type of bacteria in healthy human GI tracts exhibited less autism-like behavior.In a recent case report,a Boston ps} chiatrist says a course of certain probiotics and antibiotics helped relieve a patient's compulsive disorder.
-We tend to focus on how your mood affects your body from the top down,not the bottom up,"says Dr.Tillisch."Now we know that the gut affects how your brain responds to the environment-it's a remarkable change in thinking."
How Bacteria Talk to the Brain
Scientists aren't sure how gut flora affect brain chemistry.One theory is that the bacteria access pathways along the nerve,the main highway in the nervous system that links the brain to the gut.
Another is that the bacteria influence the immune system,releasing chemicals that affect conditions like depression.Finally,researchers believe that bacteria produce or affect the metabolism(新陈代'i) of chemicals,which change brain function.
Dr.Tillisch told me that patients always ask which probiotics will lift their mood.Her answer:
"We don't know yet,but we hope to one day."In the future,patients might receive probiotics or transplant(移植) in which bacteria from the gut of a healthy person are transferred to the gut of a sic':one-to prevent or treat mental health issues.But these approaches are years away from primary time.Until then,a diet rich in fruit and veggies helps cultivate(培养)better-balanced microbes than a typical Western diet high in animal and processed products.Avoiding unnecessary antibiotics,particularly in early childhood,may also establish healthier gut bacteria.

63.According to the passage,gut bacteria might help us in many ways EXCEPTD.
A.lightening our mood 
B.treating autism
C.relieving depression 
D.transplanting gut flora
64.The missing sentence"Everyday foods may also affect the composition of gut bacteria,and in turn,brain chemistry."could be put beforeC•
A.Paragraph 2   B.Paragraph 3   C.Paragraph 4   D.Paragraph 5
65.Which of the following can be the best subtitle for the last paragraph?A
A.Cultivating a Happier Gut B.Growing Bacteria in the Future
C.Balancing Microbes and Diet D.Living a Happy Healthy Life.

分析 本文属于说明文阅读,作者通过这篇文章向我们介绍了肠道菌可以帮助改善我们的情绪,减轻压力,并且对我们的健康有益,同时介绍了应该如何培养健康 的肠道菌群.

解答 63.D  细节拉筋题:根据文章的二三四段In another study,when gut bacteria from calm mice were transferred to anxious mice,the jittery(紧张的)creatures seemed less nervous.可知肠道菌群可以改善我们的情绪,减轻压力;第五段A new study in Cell found that mice with features of autism 可知肠道菌群可以治疗自闭症,而D选项在文中没有提及,故选D.
64.C  推理判断题:根据第三段scientists hadn't realized that the trillions of bacteria in our digestive tract may be driving the relationship.可知接下来要介绍的是食物和肠道以及大脑化学物质的关系,因此这句话应该放在第四段之前,故选C.
65.A  段落大意题:根据最后一段的内容:a diet rich in fruit and veggies helps cultivate(培养)better-balanced microbes than a typical Western diet high in animal and processed products.可知本段向我们介绍的是应该如何培养更健康的肠道菌群,故选A.

点评 考查学生的细节理解和推理判断能力.做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句,和题干进行比较,再做出正确选择.在做推理判断题时不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实,要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断.

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4.Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness,happiness,goodness and self-respect?The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as"honor"help you create this life of good feelings.
Here is an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.
Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item.If we keep silent,and profit from the clerk's mistake,we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement.Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune.On the other hand,if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item,the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty.We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.
Then,what is it to do with our sense of happiness?
In the first case,where we don't tell the clerk,a couple of things would happen.Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief.In the process,we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect.We would also demonstrate that we cannot be trusted,since we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends.We damage our own reputations by telling others.In contrast,bringing the error to the clerk's attention  causes different things to happen.Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable.Upon leaving the store,we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased.Whenever we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.
There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions.Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions.Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence.And it's easy to think and act honorably again when we're happy.While the positive cycle can be difficult to start,once it's started,it's easy to continue.Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind,which is important for our happiness.
46.According to the passage,the positive action in the example contributes to ourB.
A.financial rewards            B.self-respect
C.advertising ability           D.friendly relationship
47.The author thinks that keeping silent about the uncharged item is equal toD.
A.lying         B.advertising     C.cheating        D.stealing
48.The underlined phrase"bringing the error to the clerk's attention"meansD.
A.offering advice to the clerk
B.reminding the clerk of the charged item
C.asking the clerk to be more attentive
D.telling the truth to the clerk
49.How will we feel if we let the clerk know her mistakeC?
A.We'll be very excited.B.We'll feel unfortunate.
C.We'll have a sense of honor.D.We'll feel sorry for the clerk.
50.The best title of this passage isA.
A.Happiness through Honorable Actions
B.A Strong Sense of Humor
C.Keeping on Doing Exercise
D.A Beautiful Positive Energy.
5.A hundred years ago on Monday,a once-mighty species became extinct.At the Cincinnati Zoo,a passenger pigeon named Martha died at the age of 29.
It was a quiet end to a noisy species.As recently as the mid-1800s,billions of passenger pigeons swarmed across the eastern half of the United States.But they proved no match for humans,whose rapidly advancing technology drove the birds to extinction in a matter of decades.Other species were also spiraling toward extinction in the late 1800s,but the destruction of the passenger pigeon happened on full public display."It became the icon (标志) of extinction."
A hundred years later,the passenger pigeon remains iconic.In 2012,a group of scientists launched a project now named the Great Passenger Pigeon Comeback to create cloned passenger pigeons-or at least birds genetically engineered to have passenger pigeon features.Two years later,project scientists are still hard at work.But they can't say when-or even if-the bird will fly again.
Nor has anyone ever cloned a bird,so every step in the plan will take the project scientists into unknown scientific territory to give rise to a passenger pigeon.Extracting an undamaged passenger pigeon gene from museum specimens (样本) seems impossible.Novak and his colleagues are hoping to reconstruct the gene of the band-tailed pigeons,the closest living relatives of passenger pigeons,which live in the western United States.
Even if the scientists end up with some passenger pigeon chicks in a few years,they will still be a long way from successfully reestablishing the species.However,people today can learn many lessons in its disappearance and apply it to protecting threatened species today

28.The underlined word"spiraling"in the second paragraph meansB.
A.circling at a lower speed                  
B.declining sharply
B.marching forward fast                    
D.increasing gradually
29.The project Great Passenger Pigeon Comeback is intended toD.
A,reintroduce passenger pigeons to America
B.experiment with cloning technology
C.protect the endangered band-tailed pigeons
D.recreate an extinct bird species
30.Which of the following are the difficulties of carrying out the project?C
a.They couldn't find an undamaged gene of the species.
b.Cloning a bird is a completely new thing.
c.The museum refused to provide the sample of the bird.
d.They can't get the closest relative of the passenger pigeon.
e.There is no previous experience to rely on.
A.a,b,c       
B.b,c,d        
C.a,b,e          
D.c,d,e
31.What does the author think of the efforts the scientists are making?A
A.It is well worth having such a try.
B.They can hardly achieve their goal.
C.They are only steps away from success.
D.It is meaningless for the species protection.
2.In order to increase their job chances after college,Chinese students are turning to a special practice-Eiffel Tower nose jobs (鼻整形术).The latest trend in plastic surgery promises to create a nose that is classic,slim and sloping,similar to the sweeping curve of the Eiffel Tower.
     Surgeon Wang Xuming said:"We are influenced by the beauty of the Eiffel Tower,we are not content to just add something to the nose,we reconstruct it."The surgery costs about US $ 10,000 and involves the enlarging of the nose using tissue from the forehead.
     Hundreds of posters advertising the procedure are put up all over Chongqing city,where surgeon Xuming runs his practice.They show a Westem-Iooking woman with an almost-too-perfect nose,against an outline of the Eiffel Tower.
     Interestingly,many young women in China are eager to achieve a western appearance,as they  believe it will give them an advantage in the highly competitive job market."Some students face a lot of employment pressure after graduation.If their facial features are good,they'II have more chances of finding a job,"said surgeon Xuming."We've had students getting the Eiffel Tower nose; it's helped them a lot."
     Apparently,Chinese employers are quite particular about appearances and prefer attractive candidates.Some of them even go as far as putting height and weight requirements in their employment ads.Plastic surgeons across the country are reporting an increase in the number of students choosing beauty"improvement".
     According  to a Mr.Li,hospital manager at surgeon Xuming's clinic,most of their customers are female and the bill is taken care of by the family."They usually come in with their mothers,and tend to be from well-off backgrounds,"he said.

51.Chinese college students choose to have a nose operation toC.
A.marry well                           
B.look cool
C.have a good job                        
D.look like westerners
52.What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3?A
A.The posters
B.A nose job.
C.The Eiffel Tower
D.A plastic surgery procedure.
53.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 thatD
A.employers are potential customers
B.ads promote the plastic surgery
C.appearance is as important as height and weight
D.attractive appearance seems to increase job chances
54.From what Mr.Li said we can learn thatD
A.most families can't afford the surgeon
B.the number of plastic surgeons is increasing
C.patients can be well looked after at the clinic
D.their customers are usually from wealthy families
55:What's the author's attitude towards Eiffel Tower nose jobs?B
A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Critical.D.Worried.
9.The preventive measures for forest fires include some preemptive(抢先)methods that can help reduce the risks of fires and control their severity and spread,and thus,maintain ecological balance and protect resources.Close monitoring of forest fires caused by natural factors can help prevent their spread to a large extent.To contain forest fires,fire departments usually use water and chemical fire retardants(抑制剂)that can be dropped from planes and helicopters.To control the spread of a wildfire.firefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across it.
Controlled burns are often employed by government authorities to reduce fuel buildup,and clean up the fallen leaves,and thus,prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast area.Regular controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity(生物多样性),as the smoke and heat produced in the process can facilitate(促进)the growth of seeds of certain plant species.Apart from these,responsible human behavior can help reduce the number of forest fires to a great extent.In fact,we can reduce the number of wildfires dramatically by not leaving behind any source of fire in the forest.
Forest fires can affect climate and weather to a great extent,besides causing severe damage to valuable trees.Wildfires can increase the level of greenhouse gases(water vapor,carbon dioxide,etc),and therefore increase pollution and global warming.However,they are also an important part of the ecosystem,and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproduction.But large wildfires can cause extensive damage to the ecosystem,which again highlights the importance of effective control and prevention of forest fires•

61.What may be the best title for this passage?A
A.Control and Prevention of Forest Fires
B.How to Keep Ecological Balance
C.Effects of Forest Fires
D.Methods of Fire Spread Control
62.Firefighters get rid of all fuel in all area in order toD.
A.keep close monitoring of forest fires
B.prevent the forest fire from occurring
C.protect the animals there
D.stop the wildfire from spreading
63.The government arranges some controlled burns toC.
A.burn the rubbish and keep the forest clean
B.help keep ecological balance of nature
C.reduce fuel buildup and limit forest fires spread
D.provide reasonable conditions for some plants'growth
64.A controlled forest fire may play a positive role becauseB.
A.a new forest will appear soon
B.it promotes the development of some seeds
C.nature keeps its balance only by wildfires
D.it makes the trees grow faster than before
65.The last paragraph tells us thatB.
A.the greenhouse gases are caused mainly by wildfires
B.wildfires have both positive and negative effects
C.people should be aware of the necessity of wildfires
D.all the valuable trees disappear owing to wildfires.
19.Easy ways to get healthy
    I always hate the first few weeks of the new year,mostly because I-m sick to death of people in commercials who are all."Let's diet!It's a new year!"
You can always choose to switch it up!(36)EHere are some simple ways to get your healthy on all year around.
Switch out bad habits for good ones.(37)GDo something as simple as swapping nighttime cookies for nighttime vitamins.
    Catch some sleep.One of the most important things we can do for our minds and bodies is to make sure.we're getting enough sleep on a regular schedule.(38)F     Feed your mind.Keep your mind flexible and smart.Do crosswords,sudoku(数独).Start a new hobby,read a book about something you don't understand-anything that challenges you to think differently and exercise that brain of yours.
    (39)AI'm not suggesting you take on a brand new fitness quest,but take the stairs,park farther away,and find a hobby you enjoy that allows you to be active.
Get organized.I'm not saying a whole repair of your entire world; start small.Organize a kitchen  cabinet.Purge (清除 )yourself of stuff you  don't need.
     Get rid of the mess.That means your mind is included too!Make lists.Get a calendar and mark down important days.Clear your mind and your home.(40)C    
Smile.Overlook some of the bad things that are going on in your life.and focus on the good.There are positives in nearly every situation,even if it doesn't feel like it.Staying positive can help in nearly every aspect of your life!

A.Change your activity up.
B.Try exercising your brain too.
C.You'll find it improves your mood.
D.You are the one to improve yourself.
E.lt's time to take charge of your health!
F.Sounds boring,I know,but trust me---sleep is amazing for you.
C.Start small,and don't plan to change your entire life in a week.
6.A man was charged with first••degree murder of a 79.-year-old woman whom police said he scared to death.In an attempt to escape after a bank robbery,the 20.year-old Larry Whitfield broke into the  home of Mary Parnell.Police say he didn't touch Parnell but that she died after suffering a heart attack that was caused by terror.Can the guy be held responsible for the woman's death?Prosecutors(公诉人) said that he can under the state's murder rule,which allows someone to be charged with murder if he or she causes another person's death while committing or fleeing from a felony crime like robbery---even if he or she doesn't kill someone on purpose.
But,medically speaking,can someone actually be frightened to death?
Absolutely,no question about it.
The body has a natural protective method called the fight-or-flight response(战或逃反应),which was originally described by Walter Cannon,the chairman of Harvard University's physiology department from 1906to 1942.If,in the wild,an animal is faced with a life.threatening situation.the autonomic nerve system responds by increasing heart rate,increasing blood flow to the muscles,and slowing digestion,among other things.All of this increases the chances of succeeding in a fight or running away from an aggressive beast.This process certainly would be of help to ancient humans.However,in the modem world there is obvious decline of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nerve system uses the chemical messenger to send signals to various parts of the body to activate the fight-or-flight response.This chemical is toxic(有毒的1in large amounts;it damages the organs such as the heart,lungs,liver and kidneys.It is believed that almost all sudden deaths are caused by damage to the heart.There is almost no other organ that would fail so fast as to cause sudden death.Kidney failure,liver failure,those things don't kill you suddenly.
By the way,any strong positive or negative emotions such as happiness or sadness can cause the same result.There are people who have died in strong emotions.There was a case of a golfer who hit a hole in one,turned to his partner and said,"I can die now"一and then he dropped dead.For about seven days after the 9-11terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon.there was an increase of sudden cardiac death among New Yorkers.

31.Why was the man charged?B
A.Because he was trying to kill an old woman.
B.Because he caused an old woman's terror and she died.
C.Because he beat an old woman and caused her heart attack.
D.Because he murdered an old woman while robbing a bank.
32.The underlined word felony in Para.1most probably meansB.
A.new    B.severe    C.deadly   D.organized
33.Which of the following about the fight-or-flight response is true?C
A.The fight-or-flight response was not raised or proved yet.
B.It is a natural protective method that can only be found in humans.
C.The ancient humans had a better fight-or-flight response than modem ones.
D.The fight-or-flight response is beneficial to both our actions and organs.
34.What activity can we infer is less likely to damage the organs?D
A.Winning a big lottery.    B.Missing a dead family.
C.Watching a horror movie.  D.Listening to a sweet song.
35.The purpose of the passage isD.
A.to explain why people will die of a heart attack
B.to offer some advice on protecting us from heart failure
C.to compare different kinds of feelings to cause a death
D.to show strong emotions can cause a sudden death.

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