题目内容
16．______ all the difficulties that his disease has caused him，Stephen Hawking has achieved more than many healthy people do．（ ）| A． | In spite of | B． | In terms of | C． | On account of | D． | With regard to |
分析 尽管疾病给他带来了种种困难，Stephen Hawking却比许多健康的人获得了更多的成就．
解答 A 考查介词固定短语．in spite of尽管；in terms of 就…而言；on account of 因为；with regard to 关于．根据句意：尽管疾病给他带来了种种困难，Stephen Hawking却比许多健康的人获得了更多的成就．所以答案选A．
点评 英语中的固定短语，既不能添词，也不能少词，是固定的，要求同学们在平时记忆准确，然后根据句意找出记忆中的固定搭配，做出正确的答案．
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1．In all fields of life，and particularly within the commercial world，when managed effectively，competition can deliver a wealth of benefits．It can provide individuals with the motivation they need to work hard and achieve objectives．It can encourage effective teamwork as managers seek to use the different strong points of team members to secure the best team performance．It can contribute to greater commitment to quality as people seek to use this as a way to beat their competitors．Healthy competition can cause the development of creativity as individuals seek out all possible ways to get ahead of the crowd．It can also help managers to identify which individual makes progress under pressure and which is better suited to less stressful roles．
However，employers can often find it difficult to agree on the type of competition they want within their organization，the targets they'll use and the measurement techniques they'll apply．For example，it's common for businesses to give different sales teams clear targets with the lure（诱惑）of the highest bonuses for the top performers．While this will usually give rise to healthy competition，it can also mean that important long-term projects get pushed to one side as the team devotes all its energy to achieving the short-term target．So it's important that the goals and objectives which are set for teams are in line with wider business requirements．Additionally，in very competitive organizations，managers should get individuals to see the bigger picture and act in the best interest of their organization as a whole，rather than to follow the very narrow targets they have set as individuals or as a team．
Thus，employers have to be careful not to let competition have a ruinous effect on morale （士气） at any level．Equally，businesses should introduce clear processes and guidelines that prevent individuals from different teams quarrelling about the allocation of sales income if parties from different teams have worked together to win a contract（合同）．Infighting such as this is always damaging．Moreover，managers must also be alert to the risk of creating conditions where bullying（欺凌） can be used．
To encourage healthy competition in an organization，you must introduce very clear policies regarding competition and ensure the information is communicated effectively．Individuals must know what behavior is acceptable within a competitive environment，and what behavior is considered not acceptable．Also，you should ensure that individuals are measured against all desirable targets but not one simple goal．Ensure that you have senior managers who are able to take a"helicopter view"and judge fairly between teams for the greater good when arguments do unavoidably arise．
However，employers can often find it difficult to agree on the type of competition they want within their organization，the targets they'll use and the measurement techniques they'll apply．For example，it's common for businesses to give different sales teams clear targets with the lure（诱惑）of the highest bonuses for the top performers．While this will usually give rise to healthy competition，it can also mean that important long-term projects get pushed to one side as the team devotes all its energy to achieving the short-term target．So it's important that the goals and objectives which are set for teams are in line with wider business requirements．Additionally，in very competitive organizations，managers should get individuals to see the bigger picture and act in the best interest of their organization as a whole，rather than to follow the very narrow targets they have set as individuals or as a team．
Thus，employers have to be careful not to let competition have a ruinous effect on morale （士气） at any level．Equally，businesses should introduce clear processes and guidelines that prevent individuals from different teams quarrelling about the allocation of sales income if parties from different teams have worked together to win a contract（合同）．Infighting such as this is always damaging．Moreover，managers must also be alert to the risk of creating conditions where bullying（欺凌） can be used．
To encourage healthy competition in an organization，you must introduce very clear policies regarding competition and ensure the information is communicated effectively．Individuals must know what behavior is acceptable within a competitive environment，and what behavior is considered not acceptable．Also，you should ensure that individuals are measured against all desirable targets but not one simple goal．Ensure that you have senior managers who are able to take a"helicopter view"and judge fairly between teams for the greater good when arguments do unavoidably arise．
| Healthy competition | |
| （71）Benefitsof healthy competition | •Competition can keep individuals （72）motivated to work hard towards goals． •With each member's （73）strengths used effectively，the team will work better and more productively as a whole． •Healthy competition can encourage everyone to work more （74）creatively． •It helps managers to learn about their employees． |
| Challenges in encouraging healthy competition | •●Sometimes competition makes teams （75）focus on short-term goals instead of long-term goals． •Sometimes competition makes individuals （76）ignore the whole organization's interests and then just follow their own narrow targets． |
| What to avoid for healthy competition | •Avoid letting competition （77）ruin morale． •Avoid using （78）unclear processes and guidelines that can result in infighting． •Avoid creating conditions where individuals bully each other． |
| Tips on encouraging healthy competition | •Make policies about what can be done and what is （79）unacceptable． •Assess individuals on a comprehensive basis． •Choose senior managers who can make fair （80）judgments about arguments． |
8．We have a learning center ______ kids do independent and self-directed learning activities．（ ）
| A． | which | B． | when | C． | where | D． | whose |