Vitamin D helps bones and muscles grow strong and healthy. Low levels of vitamin D can lead to diseases such as rickets , mainly found in children. The thinning of bone is a common problem as people, 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

Since 1950, the amount of information about the nutrition of food has increased by nearly 900 percent. Besides this fact, obesity has risen by 214 percent and nearly two out of every three adults in America are overweight or obese. Being overweight is not only an appearance problem, and it also increases the risk of various diseases including diabetes, sleep disorder and cancer.
With so much nutritional knowledge easy to find, we cannot simply ignore our present obesity epidemic(流行病). We know that fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamin. Though we are overweight, many of us choose junk food over healthy food out of habits. One explanation for our strong desire for junk food is that we learn to connect junk food with positive feelings when we are young, and changing this attitude requires a huge amount of confidence and determination. Fortunately, new research published in May 2012 has shown a simple and accessible way to make healthier food choices- the one that doesn’t rely on great determination.
The research was based on two separate studies and it was carried out by T. Bettina Cornwell of the University of Oregon and Anna R. McAlister of Michigan State University. In the first study, 60 adults between the ages of 19 and 23 were questioned about the role of food and drinks. The survey tells us that adults prefer sweetened drinks with high-calorie, salty foods, to sweetened drinks with vegetables.
In the second study, 75 children between the ages of 3 and 5 were gathered for some experiments including drinks served with vegetables. The preschooler experiments were carried out under different situations and on different days. The researchers found that the children chose to take more green vegetables when they were served with water instead of a sweetened drink.
According to Cornwell, children learn to connect high calorie, sugary drinks such as cola, with high fat foods such as French fries, from a very early age. McAlister adds that early taste development appears to play an important role in food choices later in life. Meals served at home and meals offered at restaurants, set the stage for this idea and for the preference to choose junk food over healthy food, when beginning to take sweetened drinks.
“Our taste preferences are heavily influenced by regularly eating particular food and drinking particular drink,” states Cornwell. “If the drink on the table goes against both adults and children eating their vegetables, then perhaps it is time to change that drink… and to serve water with all meals. Restaurants could easily use water as free drink for children’s meals and charge extra money for other drinks.” Both McAlister and Cornwell are confident that serving water with meals could effectively reduce the nation’s obesity rates, diabetes rates and ever rising healthcare costs.
小题1:What may cause the risk of diseases according to the text?

A．Positive feelings about food.	B．High calorie of junk food.
C．Nice taste.	D．Eating habits.

小题3:The underlined word “accessible” in Paragraph 2 means”_________”.

A．quick

B．useful

C．easy to change

D．easy to get

小题4:From Paragraph5, we know that __________.

A．children may like sugary and high-calorie drinks even from an early age

B．early preference for food and drink may influence food choices later in life

C．easy preference for drinks should not be allowed in most of the restaurants

D．restaurants should provide the same food and drink as those at home

小题5:Which would be the best title for this text?

A．Stop children drinking sugary drinks

B．Drink water to eat more healthy

C．Change eating habits to lose weight

D．Eat healthy food at home

Some students get so nervous before a test, they do poorly even if they know the material. Sian Beilock has studied these highly anxious test-takers.
Sian Beilock: “They start worrying about the consequences. They might even start worrying about whether this exam is going to prevent them from getting into the college they want. And when we worry, it actually uses up attention and memory resources.I talk about it as your cognitive horsepower that you could otherwise be using to focus on the exam.”
Professor Beilock and another researcher, Gerardo Ramirez, have developed a possible solution. Just before an exam, highly anxious test-takers spend ten minutes writing about their worries about the test.
Sian Beilock: “what we think happens is when students put it down on paper , they think about the worst that could happen and they reappraise the situation. They might realize it’s not as had as they might think it was before and, in essence(本质上), it prevents these thoughts from popping up when they’re actually taking a test.”
The researchers tested the idea on a group of twenty anxious college students. They gave them two short math tests. After the first one, they asked the students to either sit quietly or write about their feelings about the upcoming second test.
The researchers added to the pressure. They told the students that those who did well on the second test would get money. They also told them that their performance would affect other students as part of a team effort.
Professor Beilock says those who sat quietly scored an average of twelve percent worse on the second test. But the students who had written about their fears improved their performance by an average of five percent.
Next, the researchers used younger students in a biology class. They told them before final exams either to write about their feelings or to think about things unrelated to the test.
Prefessor Beilock says highly anxious students who did the writing got an average grade of B+, compared to a B- for those who did not.
Sian Beilock: “What we showed is that for students who are highly test-anxious, who’d done our writing intervention, all of a sudden there was no relationship between test anxiety and performance. Those students most likely to worry were performing just as well as their classmates who don’t normally get nervous in these testing situations.”
But what if students do not have a chance to write about their fears immediately before an exam or presentation? Professor Beilock says students can try it themselves at home or in the library and still improve their performance.
小题1:What may happen if students have the problem of test anxiety?

A．Test anxiety can improve students’ performance to some degree.

B．Students’ attention and memory resources run out when worried.

C．Students may not be admitted into their favorite college if worried

D．Test anxiety is sure to cause students to fail the test.

小题2:Which of the following if TRUE?

A．In the first math test, students who sat quietly performed better.

B．In the second math test, students who wrote about their feelings did worse.

C．Some college students are highly anxious test-takers while others are not in the tests.

D．The result in the math test agrees with that in the biology test.

小题3:What does the underlined phrase “popping up” mean?

小题4:what is most probably Sian Beilock?

A．A psychology professor.	B．A philosophy researcher.
C．A politics professor	D．A tutor

小题5:What is the main idea of the passage?

A．It is a common practice for students being worried before a test.

B．Being worried before tests does harm to students’ performance.

C．Anxious students overcome test anxiety by writing down fears.

D．It is important for students to overcome test anxiety.

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。
A
“I sometimes get up at three or four in the morning and I surf the net.”
“I often check my e-mail forty times a day.”
“I often spend more than three hours during one time on the net.”
“I spend more time in chat rooms(聊天室) than with my ‘real-1ife’ friends.”
Do you know any people like these? They are part of a new addiction(瘾) called Internet addiction. Internet addicts spend at least thirty to forty hours online every week. The use of the Internet can be an addiction like drug(毒品) use. People lose control(控制)of the time they spend on the Internet
For example, one college student was missing for several days. His friends were worried, and they called the police. The police found the student in the computer lab: he was surfing the net for several days straight.
Studies show that about 6 to 10% of Internet users become addicted. And people worry about the teens because the Internet is changing the playing field for some of them.They spend more time in cyberspace than in the real world of friends and family.
Is “surfing the net” a hobby or an addiction for you? You may have a problem if
you have these symptoms(症状):
●You do not go to important family activities or you do not do school work because you like to spend hours on the Internet.
●You can’t wait for your next online time.
●You plan to spend a short time online, but then you spend several hours.
●You go out with your friends less and less.
◆根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳选项。
小题1:What does the beginning of the passage tell us?

A．How to become an Internet addict.

B．What an Internet addict usually does.

C．Where to find an Internet addict.

D．Why to write this passage.

小题2:How does the writer describe the addicts’ use of Internet?

A．It is something like keeping drugs.

B．It is a way of producing drugs.

C．It is like taking drugs.

D．It is terrible to imagine.

小题3:Why do people worry about the teens?

A．The teens are wasting too much money.

B．They used to work on the Internet.

C．The playing field of the teens will disappear.

D．More and more of the teens wil1 become addicted to the Internet.

小题4:The example in the passage shows that _______.

A．Internet problems are more serious among college students

B．Internet addicts usually stay in the computer lab without sleep

C．Some of the Internet users have already been seriously addicted

D．The police often help to find those Internet addicts.

小题5:What is the writer trying to tell us at the end of the passage?

A．Don’t be addicted to the Internet.

B．Go to family activities more often.

C．Do things as you have planned

D．Stay with your parents as often as possible.

When did you last see a polar bear(北极熊)? On a trip to a zoo, perhaps? If you had attended a winter activity in New York a few years ago, you would have seen a whole polar bear club. These "Polar Bears" are people who meet frequently in the winter to swim in freezing cold water. That day, the air temperature was 3℃,and the water temperature was a little higher. The members of the Polar Bear Club at Coney Island, New York are usually about the age of 60. Members must satisfy two requirements. First, they must get along well with everyone else in the group; this is very important because there are so many different kinds of people in the club. Polar Bears must also agree to swim outdoors at least twice a month from November through February.
Doctors don't agree about the medical effects of cold-winter swimming. Some are worried about the dangers of a condition in which the body's temperature drops so low that finally the heart stops. Other doctors, however, point out that there is more danger of a heart attack during summer swimming because the difference between the air temperature and water temperature is much greater in summer than in winter.
The Polar Bears themselves are satisfied with the benefits of cold-water swimming. They say that their favorite form of exercise is very good for the circulatory system(循环系统) because it forces the blood to move fast to keep the body warm. Cold-water swimmers usually turn bright red after a few minutes in the water. A person who turns blue probably has a very poor circulatory system and should not try cold-water swimming.
The main benefits of cold-water swimming are probably mental. The Polar Bears love to swim all year round; they find it fun and relaxing. As one 70-year-old woman says, "When I go into water, I pour my troubles into the ocean and let them float away."
小题1:The members of the Polar Bear Club must meet the following requirements except that____.

A．they must swim outdoors at least 8 times in the four cold months

B．they must reach the age of 60

C．they should be easy to make friends with

D．they must agree to swim outdoors from November through February

小题2:According to the passage, some doctors believe it is true that_____.

A．polar Bears are bears swimming in freezing water

B．cold-water swimming can make the body temperature dangerously high

C．you are healthy if cold-water swimming turns your skin color blue

D．cold-water swimming causes more heart attacks in summer than in winter

小题3:The Polar Bears like to swim year-round, for_____.

A．it is an easy way to keep the body warm in winter

B．they can remain young

C．they find it enjoyable and interesting

D．they might meet fewer troubles in life

小题4:The passage is mainly about_____.

A．the requirements of the Polar Bear Club

B．a group of cold-water-swimming lovers

C．the Polar Bears' life in New York

D．doctors' ideas about cold-water swimming

My son was badly hurt in a fire．After he__36__from a series of treatments，the doctors told him they would not do any operation for six months__37__it took long for the skin to stop shrinking （收缩）. So, he had to return to college with a visible 10inch__38__on his face.
I said to my son, “Keaston，__39__will pay any more attention to your scar__40__you do. If it does not bother you, it will not bother__41__.” He took my advice to heart and returned to school with his head__42__high—glad he was alive.
__43__, everyone has scars and shortcomings．Some of you may spend much time thinking that people would like you better, __44__you looked different, or dressed differently, or could have a different and newer__45__.
But you see, like Keaston’s scar，people will only judge you by your looks，or your__46__, or your car, if you are judging yourself by these same false__47__.
One of my friends in college was very__48__. At first, when people met him, they noticed his__49__for about 10 seconds. This man felt__50__about himself and spent most of his time__51__about other people’s comfort and welfare.__52__, people ignored his looks. What people__53__was his kindness and his concern for them. He didn’t act in an ugly way so people didn’t treat him as an ugly man.
Therefore, concentrate on what you value__54__yourself, because if you can see that beautiful person, everyone you are in contact with will see the same__55__.

Mark Ramirez, a senior executive at AOL, could work in the comfortable leather chair, if he wanted. No, thanks. He prefers to stand most of the day at a desk raised above stomach level.
“I’ve got my knees bent. I feel totally alive,” he said. “It feels more natural to stand.”
In the past few years, standing has become the new sitting for 10 percent of AOL employees at the firm’s Virginia branch. Part of a standing popularity is among accountants, programmers, telemarketers and other office workers across the nation.
GeekDesk, a California firm that sells desks raised by electric motors, says sales will triple this year.
Standers give various reasons for taking to their feet: It makes them feel more focused, prevents drowsiness(困倦睡意), and makes them feel like a general even if they just push paper. (Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfels works standing up. So does novelist Philip Roth.)
But unknown to them, a debate (辩论) is spreading among ergonomics experts（人类工程学家） and public-health researchers about whether all office workers should be encouraged to stand—to save lives.
Doctors point to surprising new research showing higher rates of diabetes, obesity, heart disease and even mortality among people who sit for long stretches. A study earlier this year in the American Journal of Epidemiology showed that among 123,000 adults followed over 14 years, those who sat more than six hours a day were at least 18 percent more likely to die during the time period studied than those who sat less than three hours a day.
“Every rock we turn over when it comes to sitting is astonishing,” said Marc Hamilton, a leading researcher on inactivity physiology at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Louisiana. “Sitting is harmful. It’s dangerous. We are on the cusp (尖端) of a major revolution.” He calls sitting “the new smoking”.
Not so fast, other experts say. Standing too much at work will cause more long-term back injuries. Incidences of varicose veins(静脉曲张) among women will increase. The heart will have to pump more.
Hedge, the Cornell professor, isn’t a fan of all this standing. “Making people stand all day is dumb,” he said.
The sensible and most cost-effective strategy（策略）, he said, is to sit in a neutral posture（姿势）, slightly reclined(下弯的), with the keyboard on a tray above the lap. This position promotes positive blood flow. Workers should occasionally walk around, stretch and avoid prolonged periods at the desk. The key, he said, is movement, not standing.
小题1:Marc Hamilton said “Every rock we turn over when it comes to sitting is astonishing” to show that________.

A．the result of the study about sitting too long is shocking

B．we need to remove many rocks

C．we need to smooth away many difficulties

D．sitting on a rock is necessary

小题2: The following are the reasons why some experts are against standing too long except .

A．It will cause more long-term back injuries

B．it will raise the burden of heart

C．incidences of varicose veins among women will increase

D．standing too much at work per day is too tiring

小题3: According to the studies in the passage mentioned, .

A．it is better not to stand more than 6 hours

B．sitting too long can arouse illnesses easily

C．sitting long is specially harmful to adults

D．standing much is better than sitting long

小题4:Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A．Standing is not better than sitting

B．Standing more does no harm to people

C．Standing will promote the efficiency

D．More office workers take standing against sitting

Is losing weight as simple as doing a 15-minute writing exercise? In a new study, women who wrote about their most important values, like close relationships or religion, lost more weight over the next few months than women who didn't. "We have this need to feel self-integrity (正直,诚实）,” says Christine Logel of the University of Waterloo. "When something threatens your sense that you're a good person, like failing a test, we can buffer（缓冲） that self-integrity by reminding ourselves how much we love our children, for example".
For this study, the researchers recruited 45 female undergraduates, of whom 58% were overweight. Each woman was weighed, and was then given a list ofimportant values, like creativity, music or relationships with friends and family members. Each woman ranked the values in order of how important they were to her. Then half the women were told to write for 15 minutes about the value that was most important to her. The other half, a control group, were told to write about why a value far down on their list might be important to someone else.
The women came back months later to be weighed again. Women who had written about an important value lost an average of 3.41 pounds, while women in the control group gained an average of 2.76 pounds.
"How we feel about ourselves can have a big effect," Logel says. Maybe when one of the women who wrote about an important value went home that night, she felt good about herself and didn't eat to make herself feel better. Over a few months, that could make a real difference in her life,
小题1:How can a 15-minute writing exercise ofimportant values affect people?

A．They will feel proud of themselves and gain weight gradually.

B．They may feel good about themselves and then eat less than usual.

C．They may continue writing and decide to become a professional writer.

D．They will never have meals at night to make themselves lose weight.

小题2:What were the females required to do in the study?

A．Only the control group was given a list ofimportant values.

B．Both groups ranked the values in order of importance to them.

C．Each woman was weighed three times in the process of the study.

D．The overweight women wrote about the value most important to them.

小题3:Which of the following persons may lose weight according to the new study?

A．Mary who wrote about her own adventure.

B．Catherine who described her illness in her writing.

C．Shirley who wrote how much she loved her children.

D．Alice who complained her boss in her diary.

小题4:Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

A．Writing Benefits Women a Lot

B．Losing Weight Is Very Simple

C．Writing Contributes to Losing Weight

D．Women Values Losing Weight

Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self- respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as "honor" help you create this life of good feelings.
Here's an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.
Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerk's mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. On the other hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.
Then, what is it to do with our sense of happiness?
In the first case, where we don't tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process, we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect. We would also demonstrate that we cannot be trusted, since we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others. In contrast, bringing the error to the clerk's attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store, we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased. Whenever we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.
There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And it's easy to think and act honorably again when we're happy. While the positive cycle can be difficult to start, once it's started, it's easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness.
小题1:According to the passage, the positive action in the example contributes to our ________.

A．self-respect	B．financial rewards
C．advertising ability	D．friendly relationship

小题2:The phrase "bringing the error to the clerk's attention" (in Para.5) means ________.

A．telling the truth to the clerk

B．offering advice to the clerk

C．asking the clerk to be more responsible

D．reminding the clerk of the charged item

小题3:How will we feel if we let the clerk know her mistake?

A．We'll be very excited.

B．We'll feel unfortunate.

C．We'll have a sense of honor.

D．We'll feel sorry for the clerk.

小题4:Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?

A．How to Live Truthfully

B．Importance of Peacefulness

C．Ways of Gaining Self-respect

D．Happiness through Honorable Actions

A．the muscle diseases	B．the sources of vitamins
C．the importance of health	D．the functions of vitamin D

A．Elderly darker-skinned people.	B．Young lighter-skinned people.
C．Elderly lighter-skinned people.	D．Young darker-skinned people.

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