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(1)еġ¶»·¾³¿ÕÆøÖÊÁ¿±ê×¼¡·(GB 30952012)½«ÓÚ2016Äê1ÔÂ1ÈÕÔÚÎÒ¹úÈ«Ãæʵʩ¡£¾Ý´Ë,»·¾³¿ÕÆøÖÊÁ¿Ö¸Êý(AQI)ÈÕ±¨ºÍʵʱ±¨¸æ°üÀ¨ÁËSO2¡¢NO2¡¢CO¡¢O3¡¢PM10¡¢PM2.5µÈÖ¸±ê,Ϊ¹«ÖÚÌṩ½¡¿µÖ¸Òý,Òýµ¼µ±µØ¾ÓÃñºÏÀí°²ÅųöÐкÍÉú»î¡£
¢ÙÆû³µÅųöµÄβÆøÖк¬ÓÐCOºÍNOµÈÆøÌå,Óû¯Ñ§·½³Ìʽ½âÊͲúÉúNOµÄÔÒò ¡£
¢ÚÆû³µÅÅÆø¹ÜÄÚ°²×°µÄ´ß»¯×ª»¯Æ÷,¿ÉʹÆû³µÎ²ÆøÖеÄÖ÷ÒªÎÛȾÎïת»¯ÎªÎÞ¶¾µÄ´óÆøÑ»·ÎïÖÊ¡£ÒÑÖª:
N2(g)+O2(g)=2NO(g) ¦¤H=+180.5 kJ/mol
2C(s)+O2(g)=2CO(g) ¦¤H=-221.0 kJ/mol
C(s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) ¦¤H=-393.5 kJ/mol
Ôò·´Ó¦2NO(g)+2CO(g)=N2(g)+2CO2(g)µÄ¦¤H= kJ/mol¡£
(2)Ö±½ÓÅŷŵªÑõ»¯Îï»áÐγÉËáÓê¡¢Îíö²,´ß»¯»¹Ô·¨ºÍÑõ»¯ÎüÊÕ·¨Êdz£ÓõĴ¦Àí·½·¨¡£ÀûÓÃNH3ºÍCH4µÈÆøÌå³ýÈ¥ÑÌÆøÖеĵªÑõ»¯Îï¡£ÒÑÖª:CH4(g)+2O2(g)=CO2(g)+2H2O(l) ¦¤H1=a kJ/mol;Óû¼ÆËã·´Ó¦CH4(g)+4NO(g)=CO2(g)+2H2O(l)+2N2(g)µÄìʱ䦤H2Ôò»¹ÐèÒª²éѯij·´Ó¦µÄìʱ䦤H3,µ±·´Ó¦Öи÷ÎïÖʵĻ¯Ñ§¼ÆÁ¿ÊýÖ®±ÈΪ×î¼òÕûÊý±Èʱ,¦¤H3=b kJ/mol,¸Ã·´Ó¦µÄÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³ÌʽÊÇ ,¾Ý´Ë¼ÆËã³ö¦¤H2= kJ/mol(Óú¬a¡¢bµÄʽ×Ó±íʾ)¡£
(3)ϱíÁгöÁ˹¤ÒµÉÏÎüÊÕSO2µÄÈýÖÖ·½·¨¡£
·½·¨¢ñ | Óð±Ë®½«SO2ת»¯(NH4)2SO3,ÔÙÑõ»¯³É(NH4)2SO4 |
·½·¨¢ò | ÓÃÉúÎïÖÊÈȽâÆø(Ö÷Òª³É·ÖCO¡¢CH4¡¢H2)½«SO2ÔÚ¸ßÎÂÏ»¹Ô³Éµ¥ÖÊÁò |
·½·¨¢ó | ÓÃNa2SO3ÈÜÒºÎüÊÕSO2,ÔÙ¾µç½âת»¯ÎªH2SO4 |
·½·¨¢òÖ÷Òª·¢ÉúÁËÏÂÁз´Ó¦:
2CO(g)+SO2(g)=S(g)+2CO2(g) ¦¤H=+8.0 kJ/mol
2H2(g)+SO2(g)=S(g)+2H2O(g)¦¤H=+90.4 kJ/mol
2CO(g)+O2(g)=2CO2(g) ¦¤H=-566.0 kJ/mol
2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(g) ¦¤H=-483.6 kJ/mol
ÔòS(g)ÓëO2(g)·´Ó¦Éú³ÉSO2(g)µÄÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³Ìʽ¿É±íʾΪ ¡£
(4)ºÏ³É°±ÓõÄÇâÆø¿ÉÒÔ¼×ÍéΪÔÁÏÖƵá£Óйػ¯Ñ§·´Ó¦µÄÄÜÁ¿±ä»¯ÈçͼËùʾ,ÔòCH4(g)ÓëH2O(g)·´Ó¦Éú³ÉCO(g)ºÍH2(g)µÄÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³ÌʽΪ ¡£
(1)¢ÙN2+O22NO ¢Ú-746.5
(2)N2(g)+O2(g)=2NO(g) ¦¤H3=b kJ/mol a-2b
(3)S(g)+O2(g)=SO2(g) ¦¤H=-574.0 kJ/mol
(4)CH4(g)+H2O(g)=CO(g)+3H2(g)¦¤H=+161.1 kJ/mol
¡¾½âÎö¡¿(1)¢Ú°´Ìâ¸É˳Ðò¸ø3¸öÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³Ìʽ±àºÅ,ÓɸÇ˹¶¨ÂÉ¢Û¡Á2-¢Ù-¢ÚµÃ2NO(g)+2CO(g)N2(g)+2CO2(g)µÄ¦¤H=[-393.5¡Á2-180.5-(-221.0)]kJ/mol=-746.5 kJ/mol¡£
(2)¸ù¾Ý¸Ç˹¶¨Âɽ«ÒÑÖªµÄÁ½¸öÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³ÌʽÏà¼õ¿ÉµÃÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³ÌʽΪ2N2(g)+2O2(g)=4NO(g) ¦¤H=a kJ/mol-¦¤H2=2b kJ/mol,Ôò¦¤H2=(a-2b)kJ/mol,ͬʱ½«ÉÏÃæµÄ·½³Ìʽ¼°¦¤H¶¼³ýÒÔ2¿ÉµÃÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³Ìʽ¡£
(3)½«ºóÃæµÄÁ½¸ö·½³ÌʽÏà¼Ó¼õȥǰÁ½¸ö·½³ÌʽÔÙ³ýÒÔ2¿ÉµÃÏàÓ¦µÄÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³Ìʽ:S(g)+O2(g)=SO2(g)¦¤H=-574.0 kJ/mol¡£
(4)°´Ìâ¸É˳Ðò¸øͼÏñÖеÄ3¸öÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³Ìʽ±àºÅ,¸ù¾Ý¸Ç˹¶¨ÂÉ,¢Û-¢Ú¡Á3-¢ÙµÃCH4(g)+H2O(g)=CO(g)+3H2(g)¦¤H=[-846.3-(-241.8)¡Á3-(-282.0)]kJ/mol=+161.1 kJ/mol¡£