题目内容

【题目】根据短文内容,从下框的A-F选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。

【1】________

Often a controlling parent is a perfectionist, driving you always to be the best you can and getting angry or upset over grades that are less perfect, no matter how hard you work for them, or finding faults with

tasks you take on around the home. There is nothing wrong with doing a job right, but it seems like no matter how hard you work on it, it's never perfect. In other words, do you ever just receive praise fromthat parent, or is it always justified with a "but..." or "except...".

【2】 ________

It can only be controlled if you allow it to be. Controlling behaviours are eventually the controller's attempt to meet his or her own needs. If the controlling parent demands good grades, don't do poorly.

You are the strong one when you find ways to meet his or her needs and yours, without allowing them to get into your mind. They can force you to pretend to be something you are not, but they can't changewho you actually are.

【3】________

Most controlling parents are simply afraid that you will fail without their intervention. Because they feel it necessary to involve themselves in your life. If you can discover what seems to calm your parents, you will make your own life much easier. For example, if a note from your teacher telling them you haven't turnedin your homework will put you into trouble, do turn in the homework. It's pretty simple but really-do what your parents want /span>you to do, and they will be less intrusive in your life.

【4】________

Some parents control their family with anger. They really lose their temper, lose all self-control, and theresult is no discussion. People are afraid to voice an opinion contrary to the angry parents because they

fear what will happen. This is how anger is used to control you. If you can talk to the parents, ask for the 3-minute-rule approach. Using this approach allows everyone to be heard and also provides some"cooling off" time, which can help manage conflicts.

【5】________

If you are very smart, you will study hard in school and give yourself lots of opinions for change. Evenif you go to school locally, it's suggested that you try to live in the dormitories, or any place other than

your parents' home. Get a job and help with your own living expenses. The sooner you get out form under the shadow of a controlling parent, the sooner the parent will recognize you "Declaration of Independence".

A. Establish your independence as early as possible.

B. Remember that your mind is yours alone.

C. Learn to work with your parents.

D. Identify your fear factor.

E. Learn how to avoid being controlled by anger.

F. Ask yourself if your parent is a perfectionist.

【答案】见解析

【解析】【1】F

【2】B

【3】C

【4】E

【5】A

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相关题目

【题目】Dear readers,

I receive many letters from children and can’t answer them all there wouldn’t be enough time in a day. I’ll try to answer some of the questions that are commonly asked.

Where did I get the idea for Stuart Little and for Charlotte's Web? Well, many years ago, I went to bed one night in a railway sleeping car, and during the night I dreamed about a tiny boy who acted rather like a mouse. That’s how the story of Stuart Littlegot started.

As for Charlotte’s Web, I like animals and my farm is a very pleasant place to be at all hours. One day, when I was on my way to feed the pig, I began feeling sorry for the pig because, like most pigs, he was going to die. This made me sad. So I started thinking of ways to save a pig’s life. Three years after I started writing it, it was published. (I am not a fast worker, as you can see.)

Sometimes I’m asked when I started to write, and what made me want to write. I started early as soon as I could spell. Children often find pleasure and satisfaction through trying to set their thoughts down on paper, either in words or in pictures. I was not good at drawing, so I used words instead. As I grew older, I found that writing can be a way of earning a living.

Well, here is the answer to the last question. No, they are imaginary tales, containing fantastic characters and events. In real life, a family doesn’t have a child who looks like a mouse and a spider doesn’t write words in her web. Although my stories are imaginary, I like to think that there is some truth in them, too truth about the way people and animals feel and think and act.

Yours sincerely,

E.B. White

【1】E.B. White wrote this letter to _____.

A. introduce his new books

B. introduce two funny stories

C. explain why he enjoys writing

D. answer some readers’ questions

【2】We can know from the passage that E.B. White is a writer who ______.

A. writes very fast

B. works on a friend’s farm

C. mainly writes stories for adults

D. writes imaginary tales for children

【3】 What inspired E.B. White to write Charlotte's Web?

A. He wanted children to love animals.

B. He was deeply impressed by a clever pig.

C. He wanted to use his own way to save a pig.

【4】 The reason why E.B. White started to write is to ______.

A. improve his spelling B. express his thoughts

C. show his sadness D. make a good living

【5】 What is probably the last question?

A. Are your stories true?

B. What is the truth in your stories?

C. Will you write more imaginary tales?

D. Do you know a child looking like a mouse?

【题目】阅读下面的文字,完成题。

作为一门新兴的学科,心理学诞生已经有一百多年了。而认知心理学约起源于20世纪50年代。它研究人的高级心理过程,主要是认知过程,如知觉、意象、思维、记忆、语言等。

认知心理学强调研究人的意识和心理机制,更强调人的行为受其认知过程的影响和制约,主张正是内在的认知可以解释和预见行为,并构成个体行为的重要基础。认知心理学认为知觉、意象在揭示人的内在认知心理机制,从而在深入分析和理解人的行为方面具有重要作用。

人依靠感觉与知觉了解周围的世界。知觉作为一种较高层次的心理活动,通过对感觉信息的组织和解释,完成一系列的信息加工和处理。当一个人接受到来自环境的信息或刺激时,他便会通过相应的神经活动对接受的信息或刺激进行选择、组织和判断,形成新的知觉,在此基础上,再根据自己的理解对刺激作出反应。人的知觉行为表现出整体性、选择性、相对性、恒常性、组织性等心理特征。总的说来,知觉的形成要依赖于个体过去的知识和经验,知觉是现实刺激的信息和记忆信息相互作用的结果。人在反应或采取某种行动之前,总是会有一个内部的心理决策过程,这个心理过程是个体在已有的知识和经验的基础上对所掌握的信息进行整合完成的。这样一个决策过程便意味着刺激的输入与反应的输出之间存在一个中间的心理过程或内在的认知过程。人的行为离不开认知,而认知的本质在于符号计算和信息加工。

认知心理学认为知觉和意象是密切相关的。所谓意象,是指已经贮存的知觉形象的再现,或经过加工改造而形成的新的形象。意象形成的过程常常是选择性知觉、错误知觉、知觉扭曲不断发生的过程。意象作为个体过去所获信息的产物,它不是信息的一般积累,而是一种高度结构化的信息认知图式。当个体面对复杂的、不确定的问题时,由于时间、信息及信息加工能力的限制,不可能快速地、严格地、理性地搜集所有的信息而对问题进行客观地分析,于是在心理惰性的驱使下,个体总是尽可能地节省认知能量、减轻认知负担,试图寻找认知的捷径,从而不自觉地、更多地依赖于已有意象进行决策和行动,而这有可能会产生错误知觉。

错误知觉指个体对收到的信息或刺激的理解和判断背离了实际情况。由于知觉往往要依赖于过去的知识和经验,不全都是客观真实的刺激因素本身,而是对刺激因素的知觉最终决定着个体对刺激的反应。在此情形下,就可能导致刺激本身特征的失真或扭曲事实的知觉现象。一旦知觉发生错误,理解就会错误,从而做出错误反应。可见,在个体决策过程中,知觉起着重要作用。个体的错误知觉往往都是负面性的,并非都是坏事。行为的正面、负面效应,要看个体的错误知觉在其意识中形成了怎样的意象,不同的意象会指引不同结果的产生。

(选自《光明日报》《认知心理学视野下的个体行为》有删改)

【1】下列对认知心理学的解释,正确的一项是(

A.认知心理学是心理学中一门新兴的科学,它主要研究心理学中的知觉、意象、思维、记忆、注意等。

B.认知心理学认为个人认识决定个人行为,但认知有误未必行为错误。

C.认知心理学认为知觉、意象紧密相关。知觉是意象的基础,意象是知觉形象的再现或改造。

D.认知心理学认为意象形成的过程,带有明显的个性色彩,如果依靠这种意象决定行为,往往会产生错误的结果。

【2】下列对错误知觉的形成及结果理解错误的一项是

A.错误知觉可能由定势思维所致。

B.个体只要克服惰性心理,严格理性地分析所占有的信息就会避免错误知觉的形成。

C.错误知觉在一定情况下可以使无必然的意象成为现实,助人成功。

D.错误知觉即错觉,个体行为出现负面性结果,不一定是错误知觉的错,个体意识中意象如何,才是个体行为正负的主要依据。

【3】下列表述完全符合原文意思的一项是

A.知觉的形成离不开个体的已有知识与经验,而个体的行为也离不开个体已有的认知。

B.知觉与意象的产生都离不开现实的直接刺激,现实的刺激是形成知觉与意象的基础。

C.意象建构着个体的心理品质,而个体也利用意象来决定自己的行动。

D.知觉、意象决定着人们行为的方向和效果,在个体行为中起着至关重要的作用。

【题目】阅读下面的文字,完成题。

张骞凿空西域,开通丝绸之路,大宛是最知名的地点之一。大宛,今地在中亚乌兹别克斯坦的费尔干纳盆地。《史记》将有关西域的内容全部编入《大宛列传》。大宛是丝绸之路或西域的起止点。

与大宛对应的、中原的丝绸古道起止点,一般认为是西安或洛阳。

西安或洛阳,是汉代行政中心、首都,作为丝绸之路的起点,不容置疑。商贸起自民间,除了行政中心,还需要有旅客与商品的集散地:人流如织、村落衔接、物产丰饶、宾至如归。丝绸之路承载着精神文明与物质文明,越贴近基层,它的流动越通畅,脉搏越充满活力,存在越有实效。由此推断,中原的贴近基层的阶段性起止点、商贸中心,当在伏牛山麓的南阳。

大宛地名,曾引起过争议,争议在于,地名究竟是大宛,还是大。也就是说,大,究竟是当地地名的一部分(如同大食大夏),还是汉语的修饰成分(如同大月氏)。岑仲勉先生的结论是:这个西域地名原来是,大,是汉语的附加成分,他的理由是:《史记》与《汉书》之中,常见宛宝马使宛许宛之约宛破等词语,从知大宛之大,同大月氏之大,意当日汉使艳说宛之广大,故以大冠称,且与小宛对言也

是西域语言,不是汉语。对此,中外学者从无异说。然而在中原的地名中,有另外一个与之对应。南阳郡别称,南阳郡的首府名为宛城,据《史记》古注,读音为(yuān)。可的含义是什么呢?

费尔干纳盆地是中亚的富庶之区,古代文明的萌生之地,安集延则是盆地中较早出现的重要城镇。岑仲勉《汉书西域传地理校释》曾引录《西域图志》卷45说:安集延当古道,与《史记》大宛土著有城郭之说合,则古大宛地,当即今安集延诸城无疑。而岑仲勉的结论则是:从对音来说,余谓本安集延之略译,似属无可非议。安集延是中亚商贸中心、行旅集散地,长期以来,新疆各族居民曾将中亚商人泛称为安集延人。南阳,位于浅山盆地,宜耕宜牧,宜散宜聚,是丝绸、瓷器、冶铁、农牧产品、农耕技术的荟萃之区。南阳别名,应该是丝路行旅们对南阳人文地理特点的共同指认。

早在秦昭王时期,南阳郡的府治已经叫宛城了。在东汉,南阳被视为旧都南都,张衡为此写出汉赋名篇《南都赋》。南阳处在华夏区域南方、北方两个物候带之间,处在南北文明交流的通衢、东西交通的起止点。《史记·货殖列传》这样概括南阳的特征:宛亦一都会也。俗杂好事,业多贾。《汉书·地理志下》进一步解释:宛,西通武关,东受江淮,一都会也。所谓南阳好商贾,或说民俗好事多贾,无疑是远近、中外、朝野的共识。这就是它被称为的本意。直到明清时期,南阳仍然是商旅云集之处,社旗的山陕会馆等于南北商家的历史博物馆。

张骞通西域时期以及此前的民间商贸的起止点,是从伏牛山的宛城(南阳),到费尔干纳的大宛国。丝绸之路的一代又一代的行旅,沿昆仑山、祁连山、秦岭、伏牛山的山前洪积扇古道奔波往返着。

(选自2009年第6期《文史知识》 杨镰《〈丝绸之路史〉二题》)

1下列对大宛地名的理解,不符合本文意思的一项是

A.关于大宛地名的争议主要在于,是当地地名的一部分,还是汉语的修饰成分。

B.岑仲勉认为,这个西域地名原来是,大,是汉语的附加成分,其理由本自《史记》和《汉书》相关记载。

C.根据本文意见,大宛所指应该是南阳,因为从秦昭王时代开始,南阳郡的府治已经叫宛城了。

D.在中原的地名中,也有一个宛城,不过据《史记》古注,这个读音不同于大宛

2下列关于丝绸之路的说法,完全正确的一项是

A大宛是丝绸之路或西域的起止点,与其对应的中原的丝绸之路起止点是西安或洛阳。

B.丝绸之路贴近基层,其流动越通畅,越充满活力,存在越有实效,由此推断,中原的贴近基层的起止点在伏牛山麓的南阳。

C.根据本文意思,历史上有两个,即伏牛山麓的宛城(南阳)和费尔干纳的大宛国,它们是张骞通西域时期以及此前的民间商贸的起止点。

D.丝绸之路是张骞开通的,它的主要作用是打通与西域的联系,行政中心对于丝绸之路的开凿和兴盛起着决定性的作用。

3下列对文化传统的理解,不符合文意的一项是(

A.安集延则是费尔干纳盆地中较早出现的重要城镇,是中亚的富庶地区;《西域图志》记载的安集延,《史记》记载的土著有城郭,即为古大宛。

B.岑仲勉认为,从读音角度说,是安集延略译;长期以来,中亚商人被新疆各族泛称为安集延人,这也充分说明了安集延是中亚贸易中心。

C.南阳处于华夏区域南北两个物候带之间和南北文明交流的通衢、东西交通的起止点,这些都是南阳好商贾的重要因素,也是它被称为的本意。

D.纵观全文,可以看出,大宛在历史上有两个地方,其一是今中亚乌兹别克斯坦的费尔干纳盆地,另一个是中原地区的南阳。

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