题目内容

【题目】1727年春，伏尔泰参加了牛顿的葬礼，随后访问了牛顿的外甥女凯瑟琳并聆听了苹果坠地的故事。该故事通过伏尔泰的著作迅速传遍世界，成为家喻户晓的科学佳话。这则材料可以用来说明

A．科学团体推动了欧洲启蒙运动的发展

B．跨国文化交流促进了科学思想的传播

C．18世纪早期英国启蒙运动已接近尾声

D．18世纪早期法国思想自由度逊于英国

【答案】B

【解析】准确掌握启蒙运动的相关信息，正确排除错误选项，然后再依据材料内容与备选项的关系来确定最后的正确答案。材料内容反映了伏尔泰的文学著作使牛顿的科学故事传遍世界，并不是科学推动了启蒙运动的发展；法国思想家、文学家伏尔泰参加英国科学家牛顿的葬礼并访问其外甥女，本身就是跨国文化交流，所A项错误、B项正确。C项是无关项，材料内容没有涉及这一说法。18世纪的启蒙运动中心在法国，且D项“自由度”对比材料无法体现，所以D项错误。

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【题目】中共中央机关刊物《红旗》(1930年5月)刊载了“以为不要城市工人而用农村包围城市可以取得胜利，这无论在理论上与事实上都是行不通的。假使没有城市做领导，则任何乡村都是不能‘联合起来’的。”这说明当时中国共产党

A．坚持以城市斗争为中心的革命道路

B．放弃“工农武装割据”的革命理论

C．还没有找到适合中国国情的革命道路

D．内部仍存在革命道路选择的分歧

【题目】“教育是一个民族最根本的事业”——邓小平

材料一 董仲舒按人性把人分为上中下三个等级，占人口多数的“中民”是教育的主要对象。他主张设立各级学校，教授儒家经典，将他们培养为“笃于礼薄于利”“以天下为忧”的君子，以使得“教化大行，天下和洽”。

古罗马教育家昆体良（35—95年）认为，学校教育优于家庭教育，培养演说家是公民教育的重要目标。他还认为，完美的演说家“不能仅有超群的演说天赋，还要有完美的品格”“能尽公民之义务，能在公私事务中完成使命，能以忠告引导国家，能以立法奠定其雄厚基础”。

（1）阅读材料一，概括董仲舒和昆体良教育主张的相同点。

材料二 严复认为：“西之教平等，故以公治众而贵自由”“讲教育者，其事常三宗：曰体育，曰智育，曰德育，三者并重”。

1912年，蔡元培批评清政府的教育宗旨说：“忠君与共和政体不合，尊孔与信教自由相违。”同年，中华民国教育部公布的《教育宗旨》规定：“注重道德教育，以实利教育、军国民教育辅之，更以美感教育完成其道德。”

1957年，毛泽东提出：“我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟的有文化的劳动者。”

1995年，《中华人民共和国教育法》规定：“教育必须为社会主义现代化建设服务，必须与生产劳动相结合，培养德、智、体等方面全面发展的社会主义事业的建设者和接班人。”

（2）阅读材料二，概括中国近现代教育目标的特点；结合时代背景对此进行分析。

材料三 人文教育是欧洲教育的传统。19世纪，英国知识界对教育的内容展开争论。一派认为，科学（自然科学和应用科学）应该是教育的主体内容，它是文明的基础和核心，是国家富强之所在。教育不能只培养绅士，而是要满足社会的现实需要，但科学在教育中几乎没有获得应有的分量。另一派则认为，古典人文科目（语言、文学、哲学、历史、数学等）仍然应该是教育的核心内容。人文教育不仅追求纯粹知识，还是人类实现美、快乐、自由和道德的途径。类似的争论在近现代很多国家都发生过。

（3）①概述这一教育争论在英国出现的时代背景。

②教育内容既受限于历史时代，又对历史发展产生影响。你如何看待上述教育争论中的观点？运用中外历史发展进程中的重要史实加以论述。

要求：观点明确，史实充分，史论结合，逻辑清晰。

【题目】A

In early autumn I applied for admission to college. I wanted to go nowhere but to Cornell University, but my mother fought strongly against it. When she saw me studying a photograph of my father on the sports ground of Cornell, she tore it up.

“You can't say it's not a great university, just because Papa went there.”

“That's not it at all. And it is a top university.” She was still holding the pieces in her hand. “But we can't afford to send you to college.”

“I wouldn't dream of asking you for money. Do you want me to get a job to help support you and Papa? Things aren't that bad, are they?”

“No” she said. “I don't expect you to help support us.”

Father borrowed money from his rich cousins to start a small jewellery shop. His chief customers were his old college friends. To get new customers, my mother had to help. She picked up a longforgotten membership in the local league of women, so that she could get to know more people. Whether those people would turn into customers was another question. I knew that my parents had to wait for quite a long time before their small investment (投资) could show returns. What's more, they had not wanted enough to be rich and successful; otherwise they could not possibly have managed their lives so badly.

I was torn between the desire to help them and change their lives, and the determination not to repeat their mistakes. I had a strong belief in my power to get what I wanted. After months of hard study I won a full college scholarship . My father could hardly contain his pride in me, and my mother eventually gave in before my success.

【1】According to the text, in that autumn the author made up his mind ____________.

A. to start a small jewellery shop.

B. to get to know more people.

C. to carry on with his father's business.

D. to be admitted into his dream university.

【2】The author was not permitted to attend Cornell University mainly because ________.

A. his parents did not have abundant money for him

B. his mother did not think it a top university

C. his parents expected him to help support the family

D. his father dropped out of the university

【3】The father started his small shop with the money from ______.

A. a local league B. his relatives

C. his customers D. his college friends

【4】Why did the mother renew her membership in the league?

A. To help with her husband's business.

B. To help her son to enter colleges.

C. To meet her longforgotten friends.

D. To make herself lead a peaceful life.

【题目】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

5 Tips for Healthy, White Teeth

1. Throw away your toothbrush or electric toothbrush head every two to three months. 【1】 According to dentist Harold Katz, the best way to brush is by placing your toothbrush at a 45-degree angle against your gums (牙龈) and gently moving it in a circular motion.

2. Use a tongue scraper (刮刀) every morning to remove tongue plaque (舌斑) and freshen breath. One cause of bad breath is the build-up of bacteria on the tongue, which a daily tongue scraping will help banish (消除). 【2】3. Eat “detergent (洗涤剂)” foods that are firm or crisp to help clean teeth as you munch (咀嚼). 【3】 For best results, make “detergent” foods the final food you eat in your meal if you know you won’t be able to brush your teeth after eating.

4. Stay fresh. Check by licking (舔) your palm and smelling it while it’s wet. If you smell something, it’s time for a sugar-free breath mint (薄荷). Shopping for mouthwash? 【4】 Mouthwashes with too much alcohol can dry out mouth tissue, making it more prone (易于) to bacteria.

5. Brushing your teeth first and last thing are the two most crucial times of the day, as saliva (唾液) which keeps plaque off teeth, dries up at night, so it’s best to have all plaque cleaned off the teeth before sleep. 【5】

A. Make sure it’s alcohol free.

B. Apples are good, as are raw carrots, celery and popcorn.

C. Otherwise, you’re just transferring bacteria to your mouth.

D. However, the bacteria won’t be staying on the top of your tongue.

E. It’s more effective than brushing your tongue with a toothbrush too.

F. When you sleep without bacteria in your mouth, you will feel much better.

G. It’s also important to brush first thing in the morning to remove plaque and bacteria built up as you slept.

【题目】中国古代文学艺术异彩纷呈，绚丽多姿。下列表述不正确的是

A．《离骚》是古典文学最伟大的现实主义作品

B．魏晋时期是书体演变承上启下的重要阶段

C．“诗画本一律，天工与清新”是传统文人画的特点

D．“同光十三绝”是当时京剧艺术各行当的代表人物

【题目】阅读材料，回答问题。

材料一 中国古代与世界其他国家的科技发明统计资料（据《自然科学大事年表》的统计）

年代

科技发明（件）

中国科技发明

世界其他国家科技发明

件数

百分比

件数

百分比

公元1—400年

45

28

62%

17

38%

公元401—1000年

45

32

71%

13

29%

公元1001—1500年

67

38

57%

29

43%

材料二 《中国的世界记录》收录的中国古代科技成果统计

类别

数学

天文历法气象

地学

化学

农学

机械

水利

轻工

兵器

项数/span>

22

25

25

9

25

7

7

8

8

材料三 英国学者李约瑟博士在对中国科学技术发展进行研究后发现，16世纪前，中国的科学技术发展水平远远超过西方，除“四大发明”外，还有很多发明，如机械钟、铸铁技术、瓷器、万向架、马镫马具、独轮车，拱桥等都首创于中国。“为什么近代科学只在欧洲文明中发展，而未在中国文明中成长？”这个疑问被学术界命名为“李约瑟难题”，引起国内外学者的广泛关注。

（1）据材料一，指出中国古代科技成就在世界上的地位。

（2）据材料二，指出中国古代领先世界的科学技术分布领域有何特点？分析形成这一特点的原因？

（3）结合所学知识，分析材料三中明清时出现的“李约瑟难题”的原因。

【题目】下表为某晚报某年刊登的12月2日部分城市日出、日落时间表。据此回答下列问题。

地点

北京

哈尔滨

西安

上海

成都

拉萨

日出

7:18

6:54

7:33

6:36

7:44

8:34

日落

16:50

15:51

17:35

16:51

18:02

18:56

【1】

A. 1小时25分 B. 3小时5分

C. 2小时6分 D. 1小时58分

【2】

A. 西安 B. 成都

C. 上海 D. 拉萨

【3】

A. 冬、夏季分明的高纬度地区

B. 有太阳直射的热带地区

C. 既无极昼、极夜又无太阳直射的温带地区

D. 半年极昼、半年极夜的南、北极点

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