2．谓语
1．主语
(一)主语的定义
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首，但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装结构中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
(二)主语的表现形式
主语可由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
(1)名词
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
20世纪90年代，美国乡村音乐越来越流行。
Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.张教授是著名的科学家。
(2)代词
We often speak English in class.我们经常在课堂上说英语。
Who is the man standing over there?站在那里的那个人是谁？
(3)数词
One third of the students in this class are girls.这个班1/3的学生是女生。
Two times five is ten.2乘5等于10。
(4)不定式
To swim in the Lijang River is a great pleasure.在漓江里游泳是非常愉快的事。
To master a foreign language is necessary.掌握一门外语是必要的。
(5)动名词
Smoking does harm to the health.吸烟对健康有害。
Playing football in the street is dangerous.在街上踢足球是危险的。
(6)名词化的形容词
The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。
In new China the old are living a happy life.在新中国，老年人正过着幸福的生活。
(7)从句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.
我们还没有决定什么时候举行英语测验。
Whether he?ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.
他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。
(8)it作形式主语
It is necessary to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语是有必要的。
It is dangerous playing with fire.玩火是危险的。
It is a pity that he cannot swim.他不会游泳真遗憾。
3．…as members of a British team, were the first to make it to the summit of Mount Qomolangma.
…作为英国登山队的队员，是首次成功登上珠峰的人。
(1)不定式to make it to the summit of Mount Qomolangma作后置定语，修饰the first, 又如the last to leave。通常不定式作后置定语，与所修饰的名词之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此不定式应用及物动词的主动形式，不及物动词要搭配相应介词。
如：
She refused to go to the ball because she had no jewellery to wear
她没有任何首饰可佩戴，因此拒绝参加舞会。
They had only a little room to live in
他们住在一间小屋子里。
(2)make it(口语)做成，成功；达到目的，设法安排。
-Can you catch the train ?
-I hope I can make it.
2．He took possession of it in the name of the British Crown.
他以英国女王的名义占领了它。
(1)take/get/gain possession of 拿到，占有；占领
They took possession of the castle quickly
他们迅速占领了城堡
Possession n.拥有，占有；所有物，财产，领土
be in possession of拥有； be in the possession of (某物)为(某人)所有
(2)in the name of 以……的名义类似表达有：
under the name of 以……的名字，by name 名叫……, by the name of 名叫……的；以……之名，
I only know her by name .我知道她的名字。
He goes by the name of Jack. 大家都叫他杰克。
She attended the lecture under the name of her sister.
她以她姐姐的名字参加了演讲。
1．Impressive as the record is, it fades next to the story of Armstrong’s struggle against disease.
虽然这项记录令人难忘,但阿姆斯特朗与疾病抗争的故事比它更令人瞩目。
Impressive as the record is 是个倒装句，as引导让步状语从句，相当于though引导的正常语序的状语从句。
Tired as he was, he sat up late.(= Though he was tired, he sat up late.)
他虽然疲倦，可仍然很晚才睡。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
尽管他是个孩子，但他知道的事情很多。
2．such as, for example与namely
such as用于列举，往往不能事物全部列出。可以以“名词+such as+被列举的事物”和“such+名词+as+被列举的事物”形式出现。
fox example用于举例说明，可以用于句首、句中、名末，往往用逗号隔开for example和被列举的事物。
namely用于列举，名词前使用具体数字说明，并把事物一一列出。
Writers such as Lu Xun and Ba Jin are well?known to all.
像鲁迅、巴金这样的作家是众所周知的。
I have never seen such a bright student as she/her.
我从未见过像她这样聪明的学生。
He is fluent in several foreign languages, for example, French and Spanish.
他精通几种外语，如：汉语、西班牙语。
Only one person can do the job, namely you.
惟独一人能够做这事，那就是你。
1．place, station, situation, position, post与site
(1)place位置；是意思极广的惯熟用语。
(2)station位置；指事物被放置的场所。
(3)situation［英］位置；大体与position同义，指事物被放置的状态，转义而表示境遇、地位等，特指书记、教师、家仆等雇员的地位或位置。
The hotel stands in a good situation.这旅馆位于一个很好的位置。
(4)position［美］位置；stuation指物的位置与其他物的关系，position指物自己的位置，不含比较。
the position of a city on a map城市在地图上的位置
(5)post位置，职位；指负有一定职务的地位
(6)site位置；指建筑物、都会等的位置
9．bring up教育，养育；提出，引出；呕吐
bring up the question提出问题
He was brought up by his uncle.
She brought up all the food she had eaten.
归纳：bring in获利，赚，引进；bring about带来，引起；bring down使……降低
8．center on将某人(物)当作中心或重点
concentrate on专心致志于
类似短语：
attend on侍候……，看护……，照料；call on访问，号召；depend on取决于……，依……而定；feed on以……为食；fix one?s eyes on盯住……；go on继续；keep on坚持……；live on靠……生活；look on (sb as)看待(作)……
7．familiar adj.熟悉的；精通的；亲密的
sth./sb. be familiar to sb.某物/人为某人所熟悉
sb. be familiar with sth./sb.某人熟悉某物/与某人亲密