I. 情态动词基本用法:

情态动词
用法
否定式
疑问式与简答
can
能力(体力,智力,技能)
允许或许可(口语中常用)
可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中)
can not / cannot /can’t do
Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
could
couldn’t do
may
可以(问句中表示请求)
可能,或许(表推测)
祝愿(用于倒装句中)
may not do
May…do…? Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might
might not do
Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not.
must
必须,应该(表主观要求)
肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)
must not/mustn’t do
Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to.
have to
只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化)
don’t have to do
Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do.  No,…don’t.
ought to
应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should
ought not to/oughtn’t to do
Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
shall
将要,会
用于一三人称征求对方意见
用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等
shall not/shan’t do
Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall.  No,…shan’t.
should
应当,应该(表义务责任)
本该(含有责备意味)
should not/shouldn’t do
Should…do…?
will
意愿,决心
请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉
will not/won’t do
Will…do…?
Yes,…will.  No,…won’t.
would
would not/wouldn’t do
dare
敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
dare not/daren’t do
Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
need
需要
必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
need not/needn’t do
Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.
used to
过去常常(现在已不再)
used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do
Used…to do…?
Yes,…used.  No,…use(d)n’t.
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did.  No,…didn’t.

II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:

以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。

II. 动词的被动语态:

 
常用被动语态
构成
 
常用被动语态
构成
1
一般现在时
am/is/are asked
6
过去进行时
was/were being asked
2
一般过去时
was/were asked
7
现在完成时
have/has been asked
3
一般将来时
shall/will be asked
8
过去完成时
had been asked
4
过去将来时
should/would be asked
9
将来完成时
will/would have been asked
5
现在进行时
am/is/are being asked
10
含有情态动词的
can/must/may be asked
注
 
意
 
事
 
项
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be
going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如:
Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:
It is believed that…       It is generally considered that…      It is said that…
It is well known that…     It must be pointed out that…        It is supposed that…
It is reported that…       It must be admitted that…         It is hoped that…
下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:
The window wants/needs/requires repairing.      The book is worth reading twice.
The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act.       The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.
The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.
下面词或短语没有被动态:
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
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