题目内容

【题目】阅读下面材料，回答问题。

材料一　许多专家们认为我国人口发展正在快速步入“后人口转变时期”，实现了人口增长模式的历史性转变。在上海、大连等大都市出现了“未富先老”现象，在中西部小城镇和农村出现“留守小孩”、“留守家庭”等现象。

材料二　上海浦东将在国家劳动保障部的支持下，探索柔性延长退休年龄改革试点。

(1) 材料中提及到“后人口转变时期”和我国“实现了人口增长模式的历史性转变”，这里的“后人口转变时期”是指 (人口增长模式)，其特征 。“实现了人口增长模式的历史性转变”的根本原因是　　　　　　　　　　　　。

(2) “留守小孩”、“留守家庭”的出现产生的原因是什么？这种现象会对当地造成哪些影响？

(3) 浦东在探索柔性延长退休年龄改革中，率先可以试点的人群是 (　 )

A、高科技、金融、现代服务业等单位的科技人员

B．宾馆、餐饮等服务行业

C．外来务工人员

D．野外工作人员

【答案】（1）现代型 出生率低、死亡率低、自然增长率低 生产力水平提高（社会经济发展）

（2）“未富先老”表明人口老龄化趋势加快。人口老龄化会造成劳动力短缺和劳动力年龄结构老化；社会上用于老年人的社会保障和赡养费用增加，负担加重；引起老年人的医疗保健和精神孤寂等问题出现。

（3）大量民工和家庭青壮年劳动力外出务工或经商引起的。 有利于加强当地与外界的联系；缓解当地人地矛盾；可导致当地人才外流劳动力不足等不利影响。

（4）A

【解析】试题分析：

（1）人口增长模式的转变经历了四个阶段—原始低增长阶段、高增长阶段、增长减缓阶段、低增长阶段，“后人口转变时期”应该指低增长阶段，由于出生率低、死亡率低、自然增长率低，属于现代型；人口增长模式转变的根本原因是由于生产力水平提高，社会经济发展。

（2）“未富先老”是中国老龄化的特点，一般情况是，低收入国家大多是高生育、低寿命，而中国平均寿命比他们都高出很多，所以“未富先老”表明中国人口老龄化趋势加快。结合发达国家人口老龄化可知，人口老龄化会造成劳动力短缺和劳动力年龄结构老化；社会上用于老年人的社会保障和赡养费用增加，负担加重；引起老年人的医疗保健和精神孤寂等问题出现。

（3）随着我国经济发展以及城镇化速度加快，大量民工和家庭青壮年劳动力外出务工或经商，从而产生“留守小孩”、“留守家庭”。 这种现象表明农村青壮年劳动力的人口向外迁移，根据人口迁移对迁出地的影响，从有利、不利两方面分析；有利于加强当地与外界的联系；缓解当地人地矛盾；可导致当地人才外流、劳动力不足等不利影响。

（4）外来务工人员、宾馆、餐饮等服务行业的从业人员所从事的劳动强度大，往往要求身体强壮，不适合延长退休年龄；野外工作风险大、持续时间长，不适合老年人；高科技、金融、现代服务业等单位的科技人员，年龄越大，经验越丰富，可以为新人提供指导意见，更好的发挥余热，故选项A正确。

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