题目内容

【题目】有人指出“《天津条约》本已明确规定西方公使可以常驻北京，并得到咸丰皇帝的亲自批准，但皇帝本人压根就没打算认真履行条约”，尤其是想把取消“公使驻京”作为“第一要事”。为此竟不惜以全免关税和开放鸦片贸易为条件”。据此判断

A．清政府缺乏近代外交意识

B．清政府具有强烈的民族观念

C．清政府放弃天朝上国思想

D．清政府极力地维护国家主权

【答案】A

【解析】本题主要考查学生解读史料获取信息并分析问题的能力，根据材料中关键信息“尤其是想把取消“公使驻京”作为“第一要事”。为此竟不惜以全免关税和开放鸦片贸易为条件”可以看出，清政府仍然抱有天朝上国的思想，实际上缺乏近代外交意识，故本题选择A项；B中民族观念没有体现；C与材料中意思相反；Ｄ中没有提及维护主权问题。

《天津条约》（1858年）

《北京条约》（1860年）

割地

割九龙司地方一区给英国

赔款

赔偿英法巨额白银

对英、法赔款各增至800万两白银

开埠

增开沿海沿江十处通商口岸，外国军舰和商船可在长江各口岸通航

增开天津为商埠

其他

权利

允许外国公使进驻北京，允许外国人到中国内地游历、经商和传教

承认《天津条约》有效

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【题目】达尔文进化论使人们不再把动物和植物之间、动物和人类之间的区别看作是绝对和神圣的，主要原因是达尔文进化论

A．是时代进步的综合产物

B．说明了生物物种是由简单的物种发展演化而来的

C．打破了上帝造人的神话

D．改变了绝大多数人对生物界和人类在生物界中位置的看法

【题目】—What do you think of the Huawei P7?

—Terrific, I would buy one if I ______ an iPhone 6 Plus last year.

A． didn’t buy B． don’t buy

C． hadn’t bought D． haven’t bought

【题目】D

In this season for thanks and giving, even the most thoughtful children may not offer much gratitude for what they receive. And you’d be wise not to expect it. All the research I’ve done has convinced me that it’s not going to happen.

As parents, we don’t consider our holiday gifts an “exchange relationship” since we know the time, money, and effort we put in to buy them. But kids have a different view. One mom told me that when she asked her 16-year-old son to thank her for buying him a cellphone, he said, “But that’s what moms should do, isn’t it?”

From a teenager’s view, it’s a parent’s responsibility to take care of the family, and playing Santa is part of the job. According to Yarrow Dunham, Yale’s assistant professor of Psychology, “When teenagers code it that way, a gift is no longer something given freely and voluntarily — it’s just mom and dad’s living up to their obligation.”

Kids can’t know how blessed they are unless they have a basis for comparison. We need to give our children the gift of a wider world view. Take them to a soup kitchen instead of to the mall. Become the secret Santa for a needy family. Show by example that gratitude isn’t about stuff — which ultimately can’t make any of us happy anyway. It’s about realizing how lucky you are.

Set up a family ritual at bedtime where kids describe three things that made them grateful. When kids go off to college, you can text them a picture of something that inspires your appreciation each week. Whether it’s a friend, a snowflake, or a sunset, the spirit of the photos will help you and them see the world differently.

Teaching children to focus on the positive and appreciate the goodness in their lives is perhaps the greatest gift we can give them. And we can all learn together that the things that really matter aren’t on sale at a department store.

【1】Children express no thanks for gifts because _______.

A. they regard them as an “exchange relationship”

B. they think badly of the gifts

C. children are not as considerate as adults

D. gifts are not what they expect

【2】Parents should make the kids know how blessed they are by _______.

A. buying them a cellphone

B. becoming the secret Santa for a needy family

C. taking them to a soap factory instead of to the mall

D. texting them a picture of something that inspires your appreciation each week

【3】To make children grateful for what they have, parents should _______.

A. set an example to children

B. teach them not to care about gifts

C. ask children to cook themselves

D. describe things they are grateful for

【4】As far as the author is concerned, no gifts are greater than _______.

A. helping kids see the world differently

B. learning together things that matter

C. teaching kids to think positively

D. making kids realize they are lucky

【题目】B

When Beijing is hit by smog, residents often joke that the Chinese capital needs to build giant fans to clear out the polluted air. Mountains to the north and west help trap smog in the city, and a strong wind from Mongolia is the surest way to ensure cleaner air.

Beijing officials are now considering ways to help that process. Though giant fans are not on the menu, at least not yet, city planners are looking at ways to create corridors (走廊)that encourage wind flow through the capital. The plan is inspired by research on urban heat islands, which shows that large buildings that block the wind are one of the causes of higher average temperatures in cities as opposed to those in the countryside.

“This isn’t controlling pollution. It’s shifting the problem.” Wang Bing, a Beijing-based author, wrote on Sina Weibo. But the plan has received some interest from residents who have grown tired of repeated periods of heavy pollution.

Peng Yingdeng, an air pollution expert at the Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, told the newspaper that the plan was more likely to require an adjustment of related laws to limit building heights and numbers in some areas. Similar proposals are under consideration in other major Chinese cities including Hangzhou, Nanjing, Shenyang and Wuhan.

“This kind of work to search for ways to reduce pollution is really worth applauding,” the state-run news agency Xinhua said in a commentary. “If scientists confirm it is effective, then we should promote it on a much larger scale.”

Some experts have expressed doubts whether the plan would make a significant difference. Serious pollution is usually associated with periods of little or no wind, and air corridors do little good if the wind isn’t blowing, Song Guojun, an environmental science professor told The Beijing News. Solving the air pollution problem mainly requires controlling pollution sources.

【1】Why do people say “the Chinese capital needs to build giant fans”?

A. Because the weather in Beijing is very hot.

B. Because they think air corridors are a good idea.

C. Because Beijing is surrounded by mountains.

D. Because the pollution is too serious.

【2】What is Wang Bing’ s attitude towards the construction of air corridors?

A. Disapproval. B. Supportive.

C. Cautious. D. Optimistic.

【3】Using air corridors to solve pollution problem largely depends on ______.

A. electricity B. wind

C. technology D. laws

【4】What is the solution to pollution problem according to Song Guojun?

A. To build giants fans.

B. To construct air corridors.

C. To control pollution sources.

D. To take the cars off the road.

【题目】阅读下列材料，回答问题。

材料一亚里士多德在《尼各马科伦理学》中讨论普遍的“善”时说：“最好先讨论普遍的善，看看争论到底在哪里。尽管这种讨论有点使人为难，因为‘理念’的学说是我们尊敬的人提出来的。不过作为一个哲学家，较好的选择应该是维护真理而牺牲个人的友情，二者都是我们所珍爱的，但人的责任却要我们更尊重真理。

材料二亚里士多德（AriSlotle，前384—前322）在他的哲学名著《形而上学》认为柏拉图理念论最大的弱点，在于不承认现实世界的真实性。他认为自然界是客观的、真实的存在，人们的认识来自对客观世界的感觉，没有感觉就没有认识。他在《政治学》一书中又批评理想国家的设想，认为这种设想不符合社会实际。

（1）材料一中“尊敬的人”指的是谁？根据材料二，指出亚里士多德更尊重真理的具体表现。

（2）从上述材料来看，亚里士多德对其“尊敬的人”持何种态度？体现了什么精神？

【题目】阅读材料，完成下列要求。

材料一 国子监是唐代教育管理机关和最高学府，有学习儒家经典分别面向三品、五品、七品以上官僚子弟的国子学、太学、四门学，和学习专门技术面向八品以下子弟及庶人的律学、书学、算学。唐代制订了严格的措施管理国子监学员，如规定生徒在学三年，不回家探望父母，学校必须以道德训喻，勉之归觐等。国子监学员所学内容主要有《礼记》、《诗经》、《周礼》、《仪礼》、《易经》、《尚书》、《孝经》、《论语》等，与进士、明经科的考试要求基本一致。学校每岁向礼部荐送参加科举考试者，如学业不佳而多年不堪荐送，或荐送后屡年落第，则往往要被学校解退除名。唐代前期，进士及第而享文名者，大多由监生徒出身，主考官在取舍中，也有意偏重生徒。

——摘编自《国子监的源起和发展》等

材料二 下表为京师大学堂专业设置简表。

科目

专业

备注

经学科

周易、论语、春秋、理学等

各科预科阶段均须开设的课程：经学大义、人伦道德、中国文学、外国语、体操

政法科

政治、法律

文学科

中外史学、地理、文学等

商科

银行及保险、关税等

格致科

算学、化学、物理等

农科

农学、林学等

工科

机器、造船、电气等

医科

医学、药学

——据1904年《奏定大学堂章程》

备注：京师大学堂创立于1898年，是中国第一所国立大学，1910年京师大学堂开办分科大学，共开办经科、法政科、文科、格致科、农科、工科、商科，设十三学门，一个近代意义的综合性大学初具规模。

材料三 1952年教育部按照中共中央“以培养工业建设人才和师资为重点，发展专门学校，整顿和加强综合性大学”的方针，提出了“及时培养供应各种建设事业（首先是工业）所必需的高、中级干部和技术人才”的任务，为此决定增加高等学校95所，其中高等工学院50所，师范学院25所。教育部拟定发布了“关于全国高等学校1952年的调整设置方案”，仿照苏联高校模式，以华北、华东和东北三区为重点实施全国高校院系调整。这次调整的特点是：除保留少数文理科综合性大学外，按行业归口建立单科性高校；大力发展独立建制的工科院校，相继新设钢铁、地质、航空、矿业、水利等专门学院和专业。

——《1952年中国高等院校的院系调整全宗》华东师范大学版

（1）根据材料一、二并结合所学知识，分别指出唐朝国子监和晚清京师大学堂的办学特点，并分析其对中国古代社会和近代社会发展的影响。

（2）据材料三及所学知识分析1952年我国高等院校的院系调整的背景。综上概括指出文化教育与社会发展的关系。

【题目】英国18世纪人口死亡率明显下降，但1816年后死亡率上升。1831—1841年，工厂集中的伯明翰每千人死亡率由14．6上升到27．2，利物浦由21上升到34．8。导致上述情况发生的重要原因是

A．城市环境极其恶化 B．化学工业污染严重

C．人口膨胀食物短缺 D．医疗技术水平下降

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