题目内容

【题目】阅读下列材料，回答问题。

材料一 浪漫主义文学的兴起是由18世纪末和19世纪初欧洲的社会政治状况决定的。1789年的法国资产阶级革命，推翻了封建专制政权，建立了资产阶级统治。这次革命影响巨大，意义深远，它震撼了整个欧洲的封建统治，许多国家掀起了资产阶级民主革命和民族解放运动。但是，在保卫和巩固这次革命成果的过程中，曾出现极其复杂的形势，经历了一场革命和反革命、复辟与反复辟的长期斗争。法国大革命后出现的动荡、混乱、灾难的局面，完全不是人们期望的。伟大的启蒙学者们所预言的那个理想社会根本没有出现。贫富对立变得更加尖锐，阶级压迫更加残酷，资产阶级的恶德败行以最丑恶的形式表现出来。法国革命后的现实宣告了启蒙运动理想的破灭，在广大社会阶层中引起了一种普遍的失望情绪，浪漫主义正是这种失望情绪在文学上的反映。

——《世界近代文学简史》

材料二 资本主义在欧洲各国不同程度的发展，人们头脑中的物质利益观念不断加强，金钱成了衡量人的主要的或唯一的尺度，人与人之间的关系也随之发生变化。人在挣脱封建束缚从而获得一定的人身自由后，又在物质财富面前丧失精神的、心理的以及人格的自由；在热衷于创造物质财富并依赖于物质财富的生存环境中，人对人的压迫与剥削以新的形态表现出来，人与人之间的关系趋于恶化。现实告诉人们，启蒙主义者所宣示的“价值”和浪漫主义者所追求的“理想”并未实现，人们须以一种新的冷静的眼光重新看待现实和思考自己的命运，并寻求改善自己的生存处境的方法。于是，追求客观冷静地分析与解剖现实的社会心理和风气随之形成，反映在作家创作上，就是他们摒弃浪漫主义的主观想象和抒情，通过对社会现实作如实细致的描绘，揭露社会的黑暗，展示在物质与金钱挤压下人的各种心态……

（1）根据材料一和所学知识，概括浪漫主义文学流派产生的历史背景。

（2）根据材料二和所学知识，指出欧洲浪漫主义文学流派与现实主义文学流派的内在区别。这两种文学流派形成和发展的决定性因素是什么？

【答案】

（1）资产阶级民主革命和民族解放运动；工业革命的逐步开展；启蒙思想家理想社会预言的破灭；资本主义发展中出现的社会弊端。

（2）内在区别：浪漫主义文学偏重表现主观世界，寻求新的精神寄托；现实主义文学反映客观现实，具有批判性。

决定性因素：欧洲社会政治、经济的剧变。

【解析】

第（1）问，一定时期的思想文化是一定时期政治经济的反映，浪漫主义文学流派产生的历史背景可从当时欧洲的政治经济状况中归纳。

第（2）问，第一小问，结合所学知识可知，人们对现实感到失望，在文学作品中憧憬自己的理想社会，因此浪漫主义文学偏重表现主观世界，寻求新的精神寄托；而现实主义文学的特点是真实地再现社会风貌，揭露社会的黑暗，因此现实主义文学反映客观现实，具有批判性。第二小问，决定性因素是社会政治、经济的变化。

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A

In the fall of 1985, I was a brighteyed girl heading off to Howard University, aiming at a legal career and dreaming of sitting on a Supreme Court bench somewhere. Twentyone years later I am still a brighteyed dreamer and one with quite a different tale to tell.

My grandma, an amazing woman, graduated from college at the age of 65. She was the first in our family to reach that goal. But one year after I started college, she developed cancer. I made the choice to withdraw from college to care for her. It meant that school and my personal dream would have to wait.

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Everything you want won't arrive in your life in one day. It's a process. Remember: little steps add up to big dreams.

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【2】How did the author feel when she had to leave home to study?

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