83. People can most effectively solve the mass malnutrition problem in some developing areas by ________

82. What does the underlined word “take toll of” probably mean?

81. What is mass malnutrition?

75. According to the passage, what is most helpful in promoting spending?

　　　 A. Big discount.　　 .　　　 B. Good consumer confidence.

　　　 C. Steady price.　　　　　　 D. Positive consumer psychology.

Section C

Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each paragraph.　 There is one extra heading which you do not need.(本题请涂在答题卡上)

(D)

The need for a surgery operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a shock to the patient and his family.　 Despite modern advances, most people still have an unreasonable fear of hospitals and operations.　 Patients do not often believe they really need surgery-cutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs.

In the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery.　 A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time.　 Today the situation is different.　 Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of 50 years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired.　 Blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced.　 Even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live.　 However, not one surgeon is qualified to perform every type of the modern operation.

　　 The scope of surgery has increased remarkably.　 Its safety has increased too.　 Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910.　 And due to the high success rate of operations nowadays, the hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations.　 Most patients are out of bed on the day after the operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks.

　　 Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible.　 They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves, the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye and the lung machined to keep patients alive during long operations. All these things open a hopeful vista for the future of surgery.

However, still large is the gap between our dream for the future and current technology.　 “Spare parts” surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the distant future.　 As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles.　 In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you, “yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition.”

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully.　 Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

(E)

　 In many corners of the world, mass malnutrition is a deadly threat to people’s life.　 It is plainly defined as a state of insufficiency of food for the population, where the majority of the people do not obtain enough food calories (卡路里) to meet the lowest needs for support of physical work and for maintenance of health.　 Compared with wars or natural disasters like earthquake or flood, mass malnutrition is rather an unnoticeable health killer, which escapes enough public attention.

　 In Latin America, as in other places, the frightening protein-shortage disease kwashiorkor has been said to take toll of thousands of children, greatly affecting the area’s child population and leaves many more children in terribly poor health.　 The reason for the problem might lie in the traditional diets in the area which are not balanced in nutrition.　 Here people keep their eating pattern year after year without the knowledge of what these eating habits are doing to themselves and to future generations.

　 In these poor areas, in stead of thoroughly altering the local people’s long-term habits, the best way might be to find food substitutes which could meet nutritional needs.　 Mixtures of vegetable proteins, like soybeans and peanuts could provide cheap and useful protein where meat, eggs and milk are not within economic reach of large groups in population.

　　 Efforts could also be made to increase the agricultural productivity in some areas, where mass production of vegetable protein crops could bring life-saving nutrition to local people.　 Being used wrongly, large areas of land now are devoted to luxurious entertainment constructions, such as golf course or riding field, which are targeted at a small number of rich people.　 But isn’t a large area of productive planting land more acceptable and down-to-earth a choice to these countries suffering from mass malnutrition right now?

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 10　 WORDS)

74. Findings in investigations in Britain show _____.

consumer behaviour may vary in different places

Britain and America share similar saving and spending patterns

Britain is important in economic research

occasional discounts and sales are important

73. The example of the mechanic’s wife is intended to show that ______.

people tend to buy more when prices are expected to fall

people tend to buy less when prices are expected to fall

people tend to buy more when prices are expected to rise

people tend to buy less when prices are expected to rise

72. According to the passage, it is essential for a successful economist to ______.

　　　 A. know about economic theories　

　　　 B. be capable of logical thinking

　　　 C. predict the latest national economy

　　　 D. to understand consumers’ spending habits

71. In which way are the winners expected by the organizer to tell about their adventures in Australia?

　　　 A. Contact the organizer through email.

　　　 B. Post a homemade video on YouTube.

　　　 C. Login to

　　　 D. Report your adventures on “live” radio.

(C )

Besides relevant theories and keen logic, a scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior.　 It’s vital for his credit as a qualified economist.　 He must obtain numbers and material both on the resources of consumers and on the efforts that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.

If an economist were asked which of the three groups borrow most--people with rising incomes, stable incomes or declining incomes--he would probably answer: those with declining incomes.　 Actually, in the past 5 years, the answer was: people with rising incomes.　 This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable.　 Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will hurry to buy.　 If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying.　 But research surveys have shown that this is also not always the case.　 Their expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying.　 One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices.　 “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk.　 We’ll have less to spend on other things.”　 Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase.　 Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be hated and buyer’s resistance may be caused.　 This is shown by the following typical comment of the wife: “I just don’t pay these prices: they are too high.”

Traditional assumptions should be investigated carefully, and factors of time and place should be considered.　 The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America.　 Research conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, produced results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns.　 The condition most beneficial to spending appears to be price stability.　 If prices have been stable and people have become accustomed to considering the current prices “right”, they are likely to buy.　 Thus, in a society of good economy which maintains consumer confidence, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices with occasional sales or discounts is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.

70. Timmy has just got married.　 Which one of the adventure packages might he choose for his honeymoon?

　　　 A. Sydney　　　 B. Melbourne　 C. Queensland D. Tasmania

69. Other than the four DJs, how many people will be going to explore the surprising side of Australia?

　　　 A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 10