(C)
Whenever human populations have lived in forest areas, they have always cut down trees which they used for a number of purposes, for housing and ships and served as a source of heating fuel and timber. Growth of cities often meant expansion into forest areas, while even more trees were removed to provide space for agriculture. With the growing demand for paper, vast quantities of trees have also been cut down for paper production. These factors, along with many others, have been contributing to a dangerous phenomenon known as deforestation.
In the last 5,000 years, humans have reduced forest from roughly 50 percent of the earth’s land surface to less than 20 percent. Most of this original, or old growth, forest cover is concentrated in three large areas: the Canadian and Alaskan boreal forest, the boreal forest of Russia, and the tropical forest of the northwestern Amazon Basin and the Guyana Shield. These areas comprise almost 70 percent of the world’s remaining original forest cover. In most places, the rate of deforestation is increasing, with the alarming result of 16 million hectares disappearing worldwide every year.
Loss of forest does not just mean the decline of natural resources. There are several other factors that make deforestation seriously harmful to both the human and natural worlds. One of them is changes in the global climate. For example, forest clearance is releasing substantial volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere as vegetation is burnt or decays. It has been suggested that this is a significant factor in global warming. Moreover, about 10 percent of the world’s tree species are in danger of extinction as a result of deforestation. Deforestation also threatens biological diversity through the destruction of wildlife habitats, which endangers a number of animal species and leads to their potential disappearance. Species are particularly easy to extinction in tropical rainforests because many species have few individuals per unit area, which makes reproduction more difficult. Finally, since forests play an important role in storing water and stabilizing soil, deforestation and the resulting change in land use cause soil erosion (腐蚀) and other forms of land degradation.
72. The passage discusses all of the following EXCEPT the ________.
A. causes of deforestation B. consequences of deforestation
C. management of deforestation D. rate of deforestation
73. The word “diversity” in the last paragraph probably means “________”.
A. variety B. expansion
C. development D. advantage
74. Why does the author mention fuel and timber in Paragraph 1?
A. To explain the rate of deforestation.
B. To compare them with housing and ships.
C. To show the dangers of deforestation.
D. To illustrate the causes of deforestation.
75. Which of the following sentences summarizes Paragraph 3 best?
A. Deforestation threatens biological diversity.
B. Deforestation has many harmful consequences.
C. Deforestation causes changes in global climate.
D. Deforestation should be stopped.
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.
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A. Allow for personal space B. Show willingness to negotiate C. Learn from conflict D. Keep yourself calm E. Focus on finding a solution F. Talk about the mistakes |
Ways to Deal with Conflict
76.
In heated situations, we have a tendency to speak first and think after. This results in aggression which aggravates (使恶化) the conflict. Instead, pause before you speak, think about what the person has said to you, and respond appropriately. By giving yourself this time to think, you cool down, and you are less likely to speak with anger. A lot of the time, the other people may want to argue for the sake of arguing.
77.
Everyone knows that people make mistakes because it’s human nature. However, it also seems to be human nature to fight acceptance of those mistakes. Conflicts often arise from mistakes, so it’s best to be upfront and honest about them. Identify the mistake that led to the conflict.
78.
In conflict, if someone walks away, allow him to do that. Don’t follow the person you’re in conflict with into another room because you haven’t said all you want to say. You wouldn’t want him following you if you felt the need to leave the situation. Also, don’t hover too close to the person you’re in conflict with. Allow him room to breathe. Don’t make him feel as if you’re backing him into a corner.
79.
It is very easy to point the finger or play the blame game when trouble arises. As easy as it is, it is not useful or productive. The main concern is to find a solution to the problem, not to determine who was wrong. If the problem is related to the work itself, keep the conversation focused on exactly what is wrong, and what can be done to fix it.
80.
Be open to the idea of compromise and let the other person know this. Before you approach the conversation, be confident in your stance and know what you are willing to negotiate on and what you feel strongly should not be compromised. Do your best to be flexible. Look for a way to come to a conclusion that satisfies both parties.
Section D
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.
A new study suggests that the round-the-clock availability that cell phone have brought to people’s lives may be taking a toll on family life, a new study suggests. The study, which followed more than 1,300 adults over 2 years, found that those who consistently used a mobile phone throughout the study period were more likely to report negative “spillover’’ between work and home life - and, in turn, less satisfaction with their family life.
Spillover essentially means that the line between work and home begins to become unclear. Work life may invade home life when a parent is taking job-related calls at home, for instance, or family issues may start to take up work time. For example, a child may call mom at work, telling her “microwave exploded”, explained Noelle Chesley, an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the author of the study. The problem with cell phones seems to be that they are allowing for ever more spillover between work and home.
This may be especially true for working women, the study found. Among men, consistent use of mobile phones seemed to allow more work issues to creep (潜入) into family time. But for women, the spillover tended to go in both directions. Being “connected” meant that work cut into home time，and family issues came into work life.
Cell phones seem to be opening more lines for stressful exchanges among family members. But there may be ways to control the spillover, according to Chesley. Employers, she said, could look at their policies on contacting employees after working hours to make sure their expectations are “reasonable”. For their part, employees could decide that cell phones go off during family time, Chesley said.
(Note: Write NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS for each question or statement.)
81. By saying “may be taking a toll on family life”, the writer probably means that cell phone ____________.
82. As a result of negative “spillover”, people will feel ______________.
83. The writer gave the example of “microwave exploded” to indicate that ______________.
84. According to Chesley, what could employees do to avoid spillover when they are not at work?
第II 卷 (共45分)
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
To advertise effectively today, you must abandon the old-school idea of “reaching the masses”. All advertising is local and personal. The key to effective advertising today is to focus on the 50 .
Some are the 51 ways every advertiser could work out. You can print a specific offer of your goods or service on door-hangers and place them on doorknobs in your area. Door-hangers on doorknobs will produce results in direct 52 about the strength of your offer. If you need to reach the drivers, flyer (宣传单) under windshield (挡风玻璃) wipers may have better effect than door-hangers. Imagine, how 53 if you hire someone to be a walking ad or launch a T-shirt advertising, 54 , you can print your products on T-shirts of your 55 . In the early 1970s “Hamp Baker says Drive with Care” was spray-painted on cars, which was a public service ad. Ever since, spray-painted sign has become more and more 56 .
More grand ways are as follows: virtual showroom. Build a website to 57 a virtual showroom. Use it when people call to ask 58 about your company, your products or your services. Also you can even use an old slide projector to put on a nighttime show. They’re 59 effective, and in the long run, cheap. Nothing is quite as powerful as a public 60 that seizes the public’s attention. You can invite a band to give a performance. 61 , you can hire famous models to show it vividly.
Nothing screams “expert” quite as loudly as a book written about a subject. You simply can’t 62 the power of your name on the cover of a book. You might only sell a few copies online, but the copies you give away in your town will make you a fortune. You won’t make money on the book. You’ll make it because of the book.
Of course, word-of-mouth is the best way to promote your 63 . Friends and past customers recommend your products to their family, friends and colleagues. Word-of-mouth works because the 64 is based on previous positive experiences.
50. A. content B. product C. individual D. style
51. A. strange B. common C. amusing D. perfect
52. A. description B. decision C. discussion D. permission
53. A. stupid B. funny C. impressive D. ridiculous
54. A. that is B. first of all C. as a result D. generally speaking
55. A. customers B. employers C. consumers D. employees
56. A. expensive B. valueless C. popular D. meaningless
57. A. refer to B. serve as C. stand for D. keep off
58. A. location B. business-hours C. salary D. details
59. A. unbelievably B. consequently C. accidentally D. occasionally
60. A. speech B. sport C. debate D. performance
61. A. For example B. Moreover C. However D. To be exact
62. A. create B. change C. imagine D. overuse
63. A. production B. friendship C. management D. business
64. A. information B. relationship C. pronunciation D. achievement
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
(You may read the questions first.)
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Box Office Instructions |
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Discounts/ Service
charges: We offer children (12 and under), seniors (65 and over) and students (student ID card required) discounts on all seats. Please call the Box Office to know about any other possible discounts. |
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Returns/ Exchanges: We are happy to offer returns or exchanges of tickets purchased up until the close of the last business day before the show with a $3.00 per ticket fee for this service. The box office must be informed directly in order to exchange tickets to another date (this service is not available online). |
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Friendly reminders: l Latecomers will not be permitted to enter the hall until a suitable break in the performance. l Children must be seated where they can be looked after by parents. l Please show consideration for other audiences by not talking during the performance, and please encourage children to do the same. l Cameras and recording equipment are not allowed to be used in our theatre. l Please turn off all cell phones while enjoying the performance. |
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Will call: Please tell us at the time of booking if you would like your tickets mailed to you, otherwise they will be held for pickup at the box office. |
65. We can learn from the passage that exchanges of tickets purchased ________.
A. are free of charge
B. are not available until the last business day
C. will not be given a big cash discount
D. need to contact the box office directly
66. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Latecomers will not be permitted to enter the theatre.
B. There is a special area for children in the theatre.
C. The audience is not allowed to take photos in the theatre.
D. Children can talk in a low voice during the performance.
67. According to the passage, the audience ________.
A. can receive their tickets by mail
B. can see the performance online
C. can’t take cell phones to the theatre
D. can’t return tickets in any case
40. The question came up at the meeting ______ we had enough money for our research.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
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A.
differ
B. endless C.
appropriately D.
directly E.
occasionally F. instructions G. process H. interchangeable I. eliminated J. create |
So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not 41 hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that “reading cannot be taught 42 and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.
Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They 43 in kind and function. The function of teaching is to 44 the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity. It can be seen and observed.
Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that 45 is not open to public examination.
If teacher and learner roles are not 46 , what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the exploring for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching 47 . “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”
When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them 48 , then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is 49 . Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.