52. Newton, Kepler and Einstein are mentioned in the first paragraph to_______.

　　 A. bring about the subject of the discussion

　　 B. explain that scientists are more creative

　　 C. show the difference between science and arts

D. prove that arts require more personal efforts

72．The example of the little boy is used to show that ___________.

　　　 A．adults often learn from their young

　　　 B．“pig” is a dirty word because pigs are dirty

　　　 C．words are not connected with the things they stand for

　　　 D．people sometimes have wrong ideas about how language works

答案　 69.D　 70.B　 71.A　 72.D

Passage 48

(05·天津E篇)

No one can fail to stand in awed ( 令人敬畏的 ) admiration of the great discoveries of history-Newton' s laws of motion; Kepler' s principles of planetary movement, Einstein' s general theory of relativity. Equally awe-inspiring are artistic creations in painting, theatre, music and literature, which have also been brought about by discovery through personal efforts.　 What do these extraordinary achievements of well-known scientists and artists have to do with problem solving?

A great scientific discovery or a great work of art is surely the result of problem-solving activity. The solution to a problem, we are told, often comes to thinkers in a “flash of insight (顿悟)，although they may have been turning the problem over in their minds for some time. As a particular form of problem solving, these creative acts are based on the broad knowledge gained in the past, whether this be of the ``public" sort known to science, or of the "private" sort known to the artist.

　　 Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted　 themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this.. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable (可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves (涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.

71．In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “________”.

　　　 A．try very hard　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．take our time　　　

　　　 C．are very unhappy D．feel especially painful

70．What can we conclude from Paragraph 2?

　　　 A．Different noise may mean different things.

　　　 B．Our culture determines what a symbol stands for.

　　　 C．The language we use symbolizes our social positions.

　　　 D．Our social positions determine the way we are dressed.

69．Language is a highly developed system of symbols because human beings _________.

　　　 A．have made use of language for centuries

　　　 B．use our nervous systems to support language

　　　 C．have made various noises stand for any events

　　　 D．can make anything stand for anything by agreement

48．Women join the Red Hat Society because 　　　　　.

　　　 A．they want to stay young 　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　 B．they would like to appear more attractive

　　　 C．they would like to have fun and live for themselves

　　　 D．they want to be more like their parents

答案　 44.D　 45.C　 46.B　 47.A　 48.B

Passage 47

(05·北京D篇)

Language as a System of Symbols

Of all systems of symbols(符号), language is the most highly developed. It has been pointed out that human beings, by agreement, can make anything stand for anything. Human beings have agreed, in the course of centuries of mutual(相互的) dependency, to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs, throats, tongues, teeth, and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems. We call that system of agreements language.

There is no necessary connection between the symbol and that which it stands for. Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head, by gold on the watch chain, or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in, so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according to the culture we live in.

However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject. Symbols and the things they stand for are independent of each other, yet we all have a way of feeling as if, and sometimes acting as if, there were necessary connections. For example, there are people who feel that foreign languages are unreasonable by nature: foreigners have such funny names for things, and why can’t they call things by their right names? This feeling exhibits itself most strongly in those English and American tourists who seem to believe that they can make the natives of any country understand English if they shout loud enough. Like the little boy who is reported to have said: “Pigs are called pigs because they are such dirty animals,” they feel the symbol is inherently(内在地) connected in some way with the things symbolized.

47．Who set up the Red Hat Society ?

　　　 A．Emily Cornette .

B．Ellen Cooper .

C．Jenny Joseph .

D．Joe Heywood .

46．It could be inferred from the text that members of the Red Hat Society are 　　　　　.

　　　 A．interested in raising money for social work

　　　 B．programmers who can plan well for their future

　　　 C．believers in equality between men and women

　　　 D．good at cooking big meals and taking care of others

45．From the text , we know that the “baby boomers” are a group of people who

　　　 A．have gradually become more noticeable

　　　 B．are worried about getting old too quickly

　　　 C．are enjoying a good life with plenty of money to spend

　　　 D．tried living a different life from their parents when they were young

44．The underlined word “chapter” in paragraph 2 means __________.

　　　 A．one branch of an organization

B．a written agreement of a club

　　　 C．one part of a collection of poems

D．a period in a society’s history