A．动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。

　 Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。

　 Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。

　 She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息，她泄气了。

　 Though it was 1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked. 尽管已经是上午10点了，商店的门仍然锁着。

　 B．当动词的-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。

　 The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。

　 The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. 去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。

　 A lighted candle lit up the cellar. 一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。

　 C．当动词的-ed形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。

　 Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。(trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers)

　 The valuable vase was found stolen. 那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。(stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase)

　 We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. 我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟, 很明显小偷闯进来了。

　 D．动词的-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语(详见“第8章 独立主格结构”)。

　 Everything done, we went home. 一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。

　 All our money run out, Henry had to find another job. 钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。

　 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上，头枕着双手。

　 All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。

　 E．动词的-ed形式作独立成分。

　 动词的-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。

　 Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。

　 Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.

考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。

5．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。

　 动词的-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。

　 The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。(= and he was surrounded by the students)

　 He went into the office, followed by some children. 他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children)

　 They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, completely astonished. 他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。

　 She accepted the gift, deeply moved.　 她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。

　 注意：

　 动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。

　 [误]Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.

　 [正]To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。

　 [误]I cannot stand laughed at.

　 [正]I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。

4. 表示让步

　 动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个thoughalthough引导的让步状语从句。

　 Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)

　 Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。(= Even if he was laughed by many people ...)

　 Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. 尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。

　 提示：

　 有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。

　 Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。

　 = Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。

　 Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。

　 = Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。

3. 表示条件

　 动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。

　 Heated, water changes into steam. 加热，水就能变成蒸汽。(= If water is heated...)

　 Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。(= If he was given more time ...)

　 Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。

1．表示时间

　 动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。

　 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。(= When the city is seen from the tower...)　　　

　 Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。(= After we had been shown the lab...)

　Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was completely examined...)

　 提示：

　 有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。

　 When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。

　 Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。

　 Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。

3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别

　 动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。

　 the risen sun　　 升起了的太阳

　 the rising sun　 正在升起的太阳

　 boiled water　 开水

　 boiling water　 正沸腾的水

　 developed countries 发达国家

　 developing countries 发展中国家

　 fallen leaves　 落叶

　 falling leaves　 正在飘落的叶子

　 changed condition 改变了的情况

　 changing condition 变化着的情况

　 D．动词的-ed形式作状语

　 动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、　　 方式或伴随情况等。

2．后置定语

　 作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。

　 We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。(= that are written by this author)

　 Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。(= who had been invited to the reception)

　 The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students)

　 A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer)

1．前置定语

　 单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。

　 A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。

　 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的坏门窗都修好了。

　 When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。

　 提示：

　 如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。

　 Money spent is more than money earned.　 入不敷出。

4．某些动词后(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。

　 I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望这事立即得到解决。

　 I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。

　 We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。

　 The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。

　 C．动词的-ed形式作定语

　 动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。