8.should

   ⑴可以表示估计或推测上的´应该`,还可以翻译成可能,该,估计,按理应当等等。

  The report  is written after careful investigation , so it should be reliable .

  这份报告是经过周密调查写成的,所以该是可靠的。

  So far so I know you shouldn`t have any problems there .

  据我所知,你们在那儿不应该有什么麻烦。

  They should be there by now ,I think .我想他们现在该到那儿了。

⑵表示惊讶,不以为然等情绪,用于某些句型中,多译为´竟然`;经常用于疑问句和感叹句中表示

意外,惊异等情绪,常和疑问词(why , how , whom,what)连用,而且疑问句不必回答。

I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable .我想非常糟糕,每个人都竟然如此悲伤。

It seems unfair that this should happen to me .这种事情竟然发生在我的身上,好像不公平。

You can´t imagine that such a good student like him should fail in the exam .

你无法想象像他这样如此好的学生竟然在考试中失败了。

Why should I fear ? 我会害怕?(=I don`t fear at all .)

What should I see but misery ?所见皆是一片凄惨。(=I could see nothing but misery .)

Should you be so silly ? 你会这么傻吗?(=You are not so silly .)

I was thinking of going to see John when who should appear but John himself .

我还想着去看约翰,想不到约翰来啦。

It is a marvel that she should have survived the disaster .她竟从那场灾难中幸存,真是个奇迹。

I can`t bear that he should speak ill of me .他竟说我的坏话,我难以忍受。

I consider it a good joke that he should marry such a woman .他竟然同这样一个女子结婚,真是个笑话。

That he should speak to you like that is quite astonishing.他竟然这样对你说话,实在让人吃惊。

练习题:

-----When can I come for the photos ? I need them tomorrow afternoon.

  -----They_______be ready by 12:00.

      B.should      C.might      D.need    

‚You can`t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman_______be so rude to a lady .

  A.might     B.need       C.should      D.would 

巩固练习

6.need

  ⑴作为情态动词时主要用在否定句和疑问句中,但是也可以用在用条件的肯定句中,这个条件是:肯

   定句中必须含有某些含某种否定含义的词语,例如only ,but ,all,before等或者说句子中暗含某

   种否定含义。

   One need only consider the facts .否定含义是:只需考虑这些事实,不必去做别的事。

   He need do it but once .否定含义是:他不必做两次以上。

   All he need do is state his opinion clearly.

  否定含义是:只要清楚地陈述自己的观点,他不必做任何事。

  练习题:

   To become a member of the civic association ,one need only attend three meetings ,and 

   ________ his fees regularly.

  A. pay      B.to pay      C.paying     D.paid

  ⑵didn't need to 和needn't have done 的区别:

   前者表示没有必要做实际上也没有做某事,后者表示做了不该做的事情。

   They didn't need to come here.他们不必来这儿(实际也没来)。

   They needn't have come here.他们本来不必来这儿(但是实际来了)

   They did not need to arrive so early .他们不必很早到达。

   She was too nervous to reply ,but fortunately she did not need to say nothing .

   她紧张的无法答话,但是幸运的是她什么也不需要说。

   You needn't have told them that .你本不必把这件事情告诉他们。

  练习题:

   ①You ______such a long essay ,the teacher only asked for 300 words ,and you have 

    written 600 words .

    A.mustn't have written  B.needn't have written 

   C.ddn't have to write   D.didn'need to write

   ②You______all those calculations !We have a computer to do that sort of thing.

   A.mustn{'t have done      B.must not have done    

   C.shouldn’t have done     not have done

5.will

  ⑴表示意愿或固执坚持。用于非人主语时,表示固有性质,倾向。

She won't lend me the money .她不愿把钱借给我。

He is the man who will go his own way.他是一个自行其事的人。

The window won't open .窗子打不开。

The door won't shut .门关不上了。

  ⑵在含有if从句的主从复合句中,如果if引导的条件状语从句表示的是一般将来时或过去将来时,

   不能用will或would ,而要用一般现在时或一般过去时来代替。

   If you don't come here , I will go to find you .

   但是will可以用在if从句中表示各种“愿望”,包括“请求,意愿,拒绝,同意,允许,能够,    

   坚持,选择,计划”等。

   If you will come into the hall ,the meeting will begin soon.

  请求)请到大厅里来,会议马上开始了

   If you will make another try ,I shall do everything possible to help you .

   (意愿)如果你愿意再试一次的话,我愿近一切可能帮助你。

   If he wion't go with you ,I shall ask somebody else .

  (拒绝)如果他不肯同你一起去的话,我将另找人。

  If you wll agree with me ,I shall tell you everything about it .

  (同意)如果你同意我的观点,我将把一切都告诉你。

  If you will come late again ,I shall let you in .

  (允诺)如果你答应不再迟到,我就让你进去。

  If anyone will find a cure to the disease ,it will be a winder .

  (能够)如果有人能够治好这种病,那将是一个奇迹。

  If you will do it like that ,you will fail.(坚持)坚持那样做,你就会失败。

  If you will buy bread ,I shall buy beer .(选择)如果你买面包,我就买啤酒。

  If you won't lend money to him,please let me know.

  (计划)如果你不打算借钱给他,让我知道。

   另:下面句子中的will表示“难免”。

   Accidents will happen.事故难免会发生。

   Boys will be boys .男孩子总是男孩子。

  ⑶will可以用来表示某些根据自然规律必定会发生的事情,并且此时可以用一般现在时来代替它。

   Oil will float on water .油能在水上漂流。

If the pure water is heated to 100°C , it will boil(可以用boils).

如果纯净的水加热至100°C,它就会沸腾。

Stainless steel will not rust .不锈钢是不会生锈的。

Matches will not strike if they are damp.火柴如果潮湿,就划不着。

练习题:

Only in summer________ .

A.will the ice melt  B.the ice will melt C.the ice can melt  D.the ice melts

‚If you_______wait a moment ,I´ll go to see if Mr.Johns is free .

A.shall      B.will      C.would      D.need 

4.shall可以用在第二、三人称,要重读,不可以缩写,表示说话人的意图、意志、允诺、命令、命运或必然结果等;在法律、条约、协定等文件中可以表示义务、规定等。

You shall have a lot of money .(意图/允诺)你会有很多钱的。

Each citizen shall carry his identification card when travelling.(规定)

旅游时每个市民务必带上身份证。

You shall arrive there before sunset .(命令)你们要在日落前到达那儿。

If you don't behave yourself ,you shall be punidhed .(威胁)

如果你行为不轨的话,你会受到惩罚的。

The task shall be finished by Sunday .(允诺)任务会在星期天前完成的。

He shall get what he deserves .(警告)他会得到他应该得到的。

Death is certain to all;all shall die .(命运)死必临万物;万物皆必死。

Better days shall soon follow .(预言)好日子不久会来到。

The time shall come when they shall be avenged .(意志)为他们伸冤的时候会来的。

Who touches pitch shall be defiled .(必然结果)玩火者必自焚。

POWs shall not be ill-treated .(法律用语)战俘不得受虐待。

The new regulation shall take effect on May the first .(规定)新章程自五月一日起实施。

练习题:

It has been announced that candidates_______remain in their seats until all the papers have been 

   collected.

      B.will      C.may     D.shall

  ‚Haven`t I told you already that you_______have my answer tomorrow morning ?

   A. will     B.shall     C.should    D.would  

  ƒNobody_______throw away rubbish everywhere !

       B.need      C.shall     D.must 

3.used to 的意思是“过去常常”,已经含有 always ,often ,sometimes ,from time to time等意思,但是它却可以和它们连用。

  He always used to / used always to come by bus 。 他过去总是坐公共汽车来。

  He often used to work late at night 。他过去经常工作到深夜。

  She always used to get up at four o'clock in the morning 。她过去总是早晨4点起床。

但是used to 不可以与表示具体次数或一段时间(即特定的时间段)的词语连用。

He went to abroad three times 。

He lived in the countryside for three years 。

但是可以和过去确定的时间壮语连用。

He used to live here in 1995。

He used to be devoted to her when she was a little girl 。

In those days we used to live in the country 。

  另:would 和used to 的区别如下:

两者都可以表示过去的习惯性动作。但是would 只强调过去特定情况下的习惯性动作(由动态动词表示),单纯的过去和现在无关;而used to 即可以强调过去的习惯性动作(由动态动词表示),也可以强调过去的事实或状态(由静态东此表示),且与现在形成对比,即可表示持续的状态,也可表示过去重复的行为。

I used to have an old car 。过去我有一辆旧轿车。

I didn't use to like opera ,but now I'm getting interested 。

我过去不喜欢歌剧,但现在逐渐有了兴趣。

上面两句话的动词均是静态动词,说明过去的事实或状态,不能用would 代替used to 。

注:woud 和used to一样,都不可用来表示发生的次数,也不能与表示一个特定的时间段的状语连用。

He went to Lomdon three times when he was a child .他还是孩子时,去过伦敦三次。

但是would可以和sometimes/now and then/from time to time 等词组(表示过去有时或偶尔的时间状语)连用。

She would sit there for hours sometimes ,doing nothing at all .

他有时一连坐好几个小时,什么事情也不干。

  练习题:

  When he was there ,he_______go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day .

  A.would     B.should      C.had better     D.might 

 This point cannot be overemphasized 。这一点无论如何强调都不过分 。

 注释:

  ⑴can't /cannot …too /enough 等中的not ,也可以用never /hardly /scarcely

      等代替。

   There can never be too much deception in war 。兵不厌诈。

      We can hardly/scarecely pay too high a price for liberation .

      为了解放,我们无论付出多高的代价也不为过。

     ⑵can't / cannot … …too / enough 等后的附加疑问句的动词用肯定形式can,不用 

      can't。

        You can't praise him too much ,can you ?你无论怎样赞扬他都不为过,对吧 ?

        You cannot be too careful ,can you ?  你再小心也不为过,对吧?

      ⑶“cannot wait 不定式 ”意思是“be eager to … … 急于做”,表示强调的肯定意思 。

        I cannot wait to read the book 。我非常渴望读这本书 。

        He couldn ’t wait to see her 。他渴望见到她 。

练习题:

Please remind your grandpa to take medicine on time,for a man of his 

  age_______be very forgetful 。 

 A.should    B。must    C。shall      D。can 

‚You cannot be_______careful when you drive a car .

  A.very     B.so      C.too       D.enough 

   ƒThe car broke down on the way ,but we_____get out of the desert at last.

  A.might     B.would    C.were able to     D.could

2.  must有一种含义:“偏要”“硬要”。表示说话人对句子主语所发出的动作或行为是不希望的、不满的甚至是生气的。通常指令人不愉快的事情。must用于第二人称时,常常含有讽刺挖苦的意思:

Why must you be so stubborn (固执)?

He must come and worry her with questions ,just when she was busy cooking the dinner 。

If you must smoke ,at least you could use an ashtray (烟灰缸)。00

As I was sitting down to lunch ,the electric bell must ring 。

Why must you be so late ?你为何非要这么晚来呢 ?

练习题:

Why _______you always interrupt me ?

A 。can  B 。will  C 。may  D。  must 

  ‚Naturally ,after I told her what to do ,my daughter _______go and do the opposite !

    A 。may  B。can   C。 must   D。 should 

  另:⑴have to 多表示习惯动作或客观条件索引出的义务;而must则用于表示一种重要或急迫的事

    情:

We have to care for the young 。(义务)

She has to be at the office before 8 every day 。(习惯)

You must go to the manager at once ,or you 'll be diamissed 。(急迫的事情)

⑵通常have to 强调客观需求,表示因客观环境或事态促使而不得不作某事;must 强调主观看法,

表示主观上认为有必要做谋事。

I must learn another language 。(主观想法:I want to )

I have to learn another language 。(客观需求:身为一个外交官)

但是must 可以表示客观必然性,意思为“必然(会),总是会”,而have to 则不可以这样用。

All men must die 。人固有一死。

Competition must happen 。竞争总会发生。

Truth must be out 。真相总会大白 。

Winter must be followed by spring 。冬天到了,春天还会远吗 ?

There must be a day for revenge 。总有报仇的那一天 。

   ⑶对must 所在句子变反意疑问句时,应注意以下习惯搭配:

①must 作“必须”解时,反意疑问句中重复must 。

  All the children must respect their parents ,mustn’t they ?

孩子必须尊敬父母,对吗?

②must 作“有必要”解时,反意疑问句中用need 。

  We must tell her the truth ,needn’t we ?我们现在有必要告诉她实情,对吗?

③“must be ”表示推测时,反意疑问句用be 的适当形式 。

  You must be thirsty ,aren’t you ?你一定渴了,是吗 ?

④“must have done ”表示推测时 ,附加疑问句一般用have 或 has ,但是有明确表示过去

的时间壮语(before 除外)时,反意疑问句用过去时态。

He must have finished the work ,hasn ’t he ?

He must have gone abroad last week ,didn’t he ?

You must have been tould about it that day ,weren’t you ?

⑤mustn’t 表示“禁止,不允许”时,反意疑问句一般用may 。

  The children mustn’t play with fire ,may they ?

  也可以用must 。

  We mustn’t be late ,must / may ?我们不可以迟到,对吗?

⑥must 用于表示询问对方意向时,反意疑问句部分的动词可以与前面陈述句部分的动词不一致。

  You must come tomorrow ,will you ? 练习题:

You mustn’t tell it to your morther ,_______?

  A.must you    B.do you    C.need you    D.will you

  ‚-----The students must hand in their term papers in a week ,_______?

     -----No,they _______。

     A.needn’t they ,mustn’t     B.mustn’t they ,mustn’t

C.mustn’t they ,needn’t     D.shouldn’t they ,should    

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