3. happen, take place, breakout, occur

　 (1) happen 往往表示偶然性的没预料到的事情的“发

　 生”。

　 How did the accident happen? You'd better let me

　 know.

　 (2) take place 表示必然性的“发生”或指是布置或策

　 划好某事后“举行”的。

　 Great changes have taken place in our country these

　 years.

　 这些年我国发生了巨大的变化。

　 (3) break out 表示地震、战争、火灾、疾病等“突然发

　 生”、“爆发”

　 A fire broke out in the neighborhood last night.

　 (4) occur 相当于 happen

　 It is said that the traffic accident OCCUlTed at midnight.

　 [联想] 主语 (人) + happen + 动词不定式

　 It (形式主语) + happen + that从句 (真正的主语)

　 I happened to see him in the street. (碰巧、恰巧)

2. guide, conduct, lead

　 作为动词三者都有“领”“导”或“引”的含义。它们的

　 区别在于：guide (抽象名词guidance；具体名词guide

　 “向导”) 是通用词，可以用于“为别人带路”“指导别

　 人的学习、品行修养”，它的内涵是避免走弯路或遇

　 到危险。而conduct (抽象名词conductance“传导

　 力”；具体名词conductor"向导者”，公共汽车等的“售

　 票员”) 在表示“指导、引导”时含有明显的主从关系，

　 即被引导者不服从是不可以的。lead (抽象名词

　 leadership"领导”；具体名词leader"领袖、领队”)可以

　 表示“领导、带路”，但它总含有领导者走在前面，而

　 把被领导者控制在自己的权威之下，或被领导者处

　 于秩序井然的状态中的意思。

　 Thousands of lanterns slowly drift out to sea guiding

　 the dead on their return journey to the other world.

　 数千只灯笼慢慢向大海漂去，给死人返回阴间指明

　 道路。

　 At the top of the bank my guide paused and looked

　 back at me.

　 我的向导在河岸上稍停了一下，并且回头看了看我。

　 He is now studying under the guidance of Professor

　 Green.

　 他现在正在格林教授的指导下学习。

1. product, production, produce

　 这组词均指通过劳动或努力而生产形成的产品。

　 product 是最普通的词，多指某种自然或人工的产品

　 或产物，还指文学或艺术方面的作品。

　 production 指产品时，常限于人工产品，包括智力和

　 艺术劳动产品。亦为戏剧或电影中的常用词。用在

　 抽象的意义上，表示“生产；产量”。

　 produce 是个集合名词，指自然产品，特别是农业产

　 品而非工业品。

　 She is the product Of talented parents.

　 她是她天资卓越的父母的产物。

　 Production of iron has increased in the last few years.

　 最近几年铁的产量增加了。

　 The farmers brought their produce to town early each

　 Saturday.

　 农民们每星期六一早把农产品带到镇上去。

3. make use of 利用；使用

　 He made use of every secx)nd to learn his lessons every

　 day.

　 每天他分秒必争地学习。

　 If better use is made of your spare time, you will make

　 great progress in it.

　 如果你更好地利用你的业余时间，你会在那方面取

　 得更大的进步。

[考点3]含“动词 + on”的短语

① carry on 坚持下去，继续下去

② come on 来吧，跟着来，赶快

③ call on 访问，号召，邀请

④ go on 继续

⑤ go on doing 继续做

⑥ get on 上(车)

⑦ hold on 等一等，不挂断

⑧ live on 继续存在，继续活着．以……为主食，以……

　 为依靠

⑨ knock on 敲(门、窗)

⑩ pass on 传递，转移到

⑩ put on 穿上，上演

⑥ turn on 打开

⑩ try on 试穿，试戴

⑩ depend on 依赖，依靠，取决于

⑩ test on 在……(身上)做试验

⑩ be on good terms 关系好

⑩ play a trick on sb 开某人玩笑，欺骗某人

[例句]Though tired and hungry, we carried on until we

reached camp. 尽管又累又饿，我们还是坚持到了宿营

地。

As the years go on, we grow both wiser and sadder. 随

着岁月的流逝，我们变得既明智又有点伤感。

He put on an air of innocence, but it didn't deceive us.

他装出一副无辜的样子，但是这欺骗不了我们。

Several pairs of shoes were tried on, but none of them

were satisfactory. 试穿了几双鞋，但是没有令人满意

的。

The southerners in China mainly live on rice. 中国南方

的人主要以大米为食。

Don't play a trick on me - I want to know the truth. 不

要欺骗我．我想知道真相。

I call on the people of the country to work hard for na-

tional unity. 我号召本国的人民为了国家的统一而努

力。

[考例3](2005辽宁) Could you please tell me where

you bought the shoes you ____ yesterday?

　　 A. tried on　　 B. put on

　　 C. had on　　 D. pulled on

[考查目标] 此题主要考查“动词 + on”的短语用法。

[答案与解析]C　 句子的意思明显是表达“穿”的意思

(表状态)。而try on 的意思是“试穿”，put on 的意思是

“穿”。但强调的是动作，pull on 也表穿戴的意思，表动

作，多指袜子或帽子等。

[考点2]含“动词+back"的短语

① come back 回来

② bring sb back 送回某人

③ bring...back to life 使苏醒，使生动，使活泼

④ bring back 拿回来，使恢复。使回想起

⑤ go back 回去

⑥ get...back 退还，送回去，取回

⑦ get back 回来，取回

⑧ date back to 回溯至，追溯到

⑨ take back 收回，取回

⑩ keep back 隐瞒不讲，扣留，阻止

⑩ hold bac k阻止

[例句] Her stay among the mountains brought her back

to health. 她在山中逗留使得她恢复了健康。

This custom dates back to the Tang Dynasty. 这种风俗

可追溯到唐朝。

I apologize to you, now I will take back what I said. 我

向你道歉，现在我愿意收回我所说的话。

He may be telling the truth but he is keeping something

back. 他也许在说实话，但是他在隐瞒什么。

His story brought back our happy childhood together.

这个故事把我带到了我们在一起时的快乐童年。

[考例2](2004 全国卷I) You can take anything from

the shelf and read, but pleas ____ the books when

you've finished with them.

　　 A. put on　　 B. put down

　　 C. put back　　 D. put off

[考查目标] 此题主要考查put短语的用法。

[答案与解析]C　 put on 穿戴，上演；put down 记下，放

下；put back 放回原处；put off 推迟。本句话的意思是“从

书架上你可以拿任何东西来读，但是读完后请放回原处”。

　　 ☆词语比较☆

10. look on...as 把……看作

　　 They all look on him as a member of their family.

　　 他们都把他看作是自家人。

　　 Don't look on him as a child. He is old enough to look

　　 after himself.

　　 别把他当成孩子看待，他已经能照顾自己了。

　　 [词组] look after 照料

　　 look back (与on, to连用) 回想；记起；停滞不前

　　 took down on 轻视；看不起

　　 look forward to 盼望；期待

　　 look in 顺便看望；短暂访问

　　 look on (常与as连用)旁观；看作(=look upon)

　　 look out 注意；找出；挑选出

　　 look over 翻阅；浏览；检查

　　 look up 好转；在书中查到；寻访到；探访(某人)

　　 look up to 尊敬

[考点1]含look的短语

① look the same 看起来一样

② look after 照料，照看

③ look at 看

④ look for 寻找

⑤ look over (仔细)检查

⑥ look up 向上看，查找，查寻，改善

⑦ look on...as... 把……看作

⑧ look out 留神，注意

⑨ look like 看起来像

⑩ look through 浏览，细看

⑩ look on 旁观

⑩ look into 调查

⑩ look (a) round 环顾四周

⑩ look down 俯视

[例句] He looked over the food in the refrigerator and

found that he had eaten up all the eggs and butter. 他查

看了一下冰箱里的食物，发现所有的鸡蛋和黄油都吃

光了。

The weather is looking up, so we may go out this

coming Sunday. 天气在好转，所以我们这周日也许能出

去。

There were signs everywhere warning people to look

OUt for falling rocks. 到处都有牌子，提醒人们当心岩石

掉下来。

We look on Kong Fansen as a model for us to learn

from. 我们把孔繁森当作我们学习的楷模。

[考例1](NMET 1 990) ____ this book and tell me

what you think of it.

　　 A. Look through　　 B. Look on

　　 C. Look into　　 D. Look up

[考查目标]此题主要考查look短语的短语的用法。

[答案与解析]A　 look through 浏览，细看；look on 旁

观；look into 调查；look up 向上看，查找，查寻，改善。

本句话意思是“仔细看一看这本书，告诉我你的想法”。

9. date back to / from 追溯到……；始于……

　 In China needle treatment dates back to ancient times.

　 在中国，针刺疗法从古代起就有了。

　 This document dates from 1789.

　 文件上注明的日期是1789年。

　 [词组] break the date 不遵守约会；失约

　 bring sth. up to date 使……现代化；使……达到最新

　 研究成果 (水平)

　 make / have a date with sb. [口](与某人)约会(常指

　 男女之间)

　 out of date 过时的；废弃的

　 up to date 直到最近的；新式的；现代的

　 closing date for entries报名截止日期

7. A good ____ should be made of the computer to

　 solve the problem we have been facing these years.

　　 [短语归类]

6. I ____ to act in a film directed by Miss Swift.

5. Two hours passed but no children ____ to their

　 homes.

4. "Be please," the organizer said to us.