Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior．

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards． Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study．

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’ s Dilemma． The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group． The students played in groups of four． Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally．  But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players．Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation． The groups that rewarded it the  most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least． And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings．  The study appeared last month in the journal Science．

The other study involved children． It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse． Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups． More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested． More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine． The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test．  Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not．

The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were． In the older group, the difference was almost three points． The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development．

63．According to the first study, we mainly infer that            .

       A． the game is called Prisoner’s Dilemma

       B． the less a group punished itself, the lower its earnings

       C． adults are much more cooperative if rewarded

       D．  the game is introduced in the journal Science

64．Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?

       A．  Children's IQs have much to do with physical punishment．

       B．  The study is about violence and cooperation of children．

       C．  The children tested were divided into groups of four．

       D．  Children's mental development only relies on their IQs．

65．What does the underlined word "spanked" refer to?

       A． Punished．        B． Blamed．            C． Tested．       D． Praised．

66．What might be the best title for the text?

       A． The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

       B．  Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

       C． Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

       D． Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

[1] Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior. One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.

[2] They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game, which is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher. The most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself,                  . The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment.

[3] The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were ages two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were ages five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs — or intelligence quotients — of the younger children who were not spanked (打屁股) were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.

[4] Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development is. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.

1. What is the best title of the passage? (no more than 10 words)

2.Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?

Compared to the children's IQs whose parents use physical punishment, the result of those whose parents don't is 5 points higher.

3.Fill in the blank in paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 5 words)

4. List three facts that lead to the most successful behavior in paragraph 2. (no more than 8 words)

5.Translate the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 into Chinese.

Recently in the hope of earning both money and social experience, I became a door-trw door salesman.

  I once read a saying. “If somebody wants something of yours, you will be treated as warmly as spring, but if they don’t you may be treated as coldly as winter.” You may consider this an exaggeration (夸张), but if you are a salesman, it is clearly correct.

   You would never have found it to be so true if you hadn’t been a salesman. You needn’t stand doubtful looks and unfriendly comments; you needn’t listen to something completely wrong and nod to say that it was quite right, you needn’t worry about being refused time after time; you needn’t always keep patience and a smile; you needn’t repeat the same sentences over and over again; you needn’t talk to somebody you dislike ....

  I did this work for a month, then I decided to give it up; Apart from the reasons above, I found I was paying too much attention to the job and thus sacrificing my study time. The latest test result proved that my grades were getting worse.

  Even worse, I hadn’t enough time to join my classmates in college activities. Some times 1 felt lonely and unhappy because of both my study and my part-time job. Now I don’t think it is worth doing such a thing for even though I was earning money it came at great cost.

  Newspapers and magazines often publish stories about excellent students who do part-time work while also keeping high scores in class. But according to my experience, park-time work can have some strong negative influences on study.

  Most students don’t view the relationship between study and work correctly. In my opinion, if it isn’t a must for financial reasons, students should be careful about taking up a part-time job.

1． From the text, we can tell that the writer is _____.    

  A. an unemployed man                  B. a middle-school student

  C. a college student                    D. a door-to-door salesman

2．Which of the following words has the closest meaning to the underlined word “sacrificing”? 

  A. Losing            B. Wasting        C. Using              D. Getting

3．The writer thought_____. 

 A. doing a part-time job was unnecessary

 B. part-time jobs had good effect upon study

 C. it was hard to deal with the relationship between study and work

 D .part-time jobs would be good for every college student

4．What would be the best title for the text _____.

 A. Part-time Jobs Are Useful             B. Part-time Jobs Can Cost Dear

 C. Students Shouldn’t Take Part-time Jobs  D. Part-time Jobs Are Important to Many Students

Since the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.

　　Recently, two researchers, Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated (展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a person's thoughts.

　　In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.

　　“Our brain has billions of nerve cells. These send signals through the spinal cord (脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles.” Tavella says. “Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”

　　The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.

　　Prof. Millan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands. “The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication, and controlling devices. One example is this wheelchair.”

　　He says his team has set two goals. One is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from. And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.

46. BCI is a technology that can ________.

A. help to update computer systems B. link the human brain with computers

C. help the disabled to recover　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D. control a person's thoughts

47 .How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory?

A. By controlling his muscles.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B. By talking to the machine.

C. By moving his hand. D. By using his mind.

48.Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?

A. scalp → computer → cap →wheelchair

B. compute → cap → scalp →wheelchair

C. scalp → cap → computer →wheelchair

D. cap → computer → scalp →wheelchair

49.The team will test with real patients to ________.

A. make profits from them B. prove the technology useful to them

C. make them live longer D. learn about their physical condition

50.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Switzerland, the BCI Research Center

B. New Findings About How the Human Brain Works

C. BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the Disabled

D. Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries

Since the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.

　　Recently, two researchers, Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated (展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a person's thoughts.

　　In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.

　　“Our brain has billions of nerve cells. These send signals through the spinal cord (脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles.” Tavella says. “Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”

　　The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.

　　Prof. Millan, the team leader, says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands. “The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories: communication, and controlling devices. One example is this wheelchair.”

　　He says his team has set two goals. One is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from. And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.

46. BCI is a technology that can ________.

　 A. help to update computer systems                            B. link the human brain with computers

C. help the disabled to recover                              D. control a person's thoughts

47 .How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory?

　 A. By controlling his muscles.                                 B. By talking to the machine.

C. By moving his hand.                                    D. By using his mind.

48.Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?

　 A. scalp → computer → cap →wheelchair

　 B. compute → cap → scalp →wheelchair

　 C. scalp → cap → computer →wheelchair

　 D. cap → computer → scalp →wheelchair

49.The team will test with real patients to ________.

　 A. make profits from them                              B. prove the technology useful to them

C. make them live longer                                        D. learn about their physical condition

50.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　 A. Switzerland, the BCI Research Center

B. New Findings About How the Human Brain Works

C. BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the Disabled

　 D. Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries