题目内容
Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior．
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards． Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study．
They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’ s Dilemma． The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group． The students played in groups of four． Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally． But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players．Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation． The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least． And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings． The study appeared last month in the journal Science．
The other study involved children． It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse． Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups． More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested． More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine． The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test． Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not．
The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were． In the older group, the difference was almost three points． The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development．
63．According to the first study, we mainly infer that .
A． the game is called Prisoner’s Dilemma
B． the less a group punished itself, the lower its earnings
C． adults are much more cooperative if rewarded
D． the game is introduced in the journal Science
64．Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?
A． Children's IQs have much to do with physical punishment．
B． The study is about violence and cooperation of children．
C． The children tested were divided into groups of four．
D． Children's mental development only relies on their IQs．
65．What does the underlined word "spanked" refer to?
A． Punished． B． Blamed． C． Tested． D． Praised．
66．What might be the best title for the text?
A． The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior
B． Punishment Is the Best Way of Education
C． Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior
D． Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?
CAAD
Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
【小题1】We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______.
| A．keep rewards better in their memory |
| B．recall consequences more effortlessly |
| C．make risky decisions more frequently |
| D．learn a subject more effectively |
| A．ways of making choices | B．preference for pleasure |
| C．tolerance of punishments | D．responses to suggestions |
| A．women find it easier to fall into certain habits |
| B．men have a greater tendency to slow down |
| C．women focus more on outcomes |
| D．men are more likely to take risks |