6．Most musicians agree that the best violins were first made in Gremona.Italy.about 200 years ago．Th——青夏教育精英家教网—

6．Most musicians agree that the best violins were first made in Gremona，Italy，about 200 years ago．
These violins sound better than any others．They even sound better than violins made today．
Violin makers and scientists try to make instruments（乐器） like the Italian violins．But they aren't the same．Musicians still prefer the old ones．
Some people think it is the age of the violins．But not all old violins from Gremona are special．So age cannot be the answer．
The people think the secret to those violins is the wood．The wood must be from certain kinds of trees．But the kind of wood may not be so important．It may be more important to cut the wood in a special way．Wood for a violin must be cut very carefully．It has to be the right size and shape．The smallest difference will change the sound of the violin．Musicians sometimes think that this was the secret of the Italians．Maybe they understood more than we do about how to cut the wood．
Size and shape may not be the answer either．Scientists can make new ones that are exactly the same size and shape．But the new violins still do not sound as good as the old ones．Some scientists thnk the secret may be the varnish（漆）．Varnish is what covers the wood of the violin．It makes the wood shiny．It also helps the sound of the instrument．But no one knows what the Italian makers used in their varnish．

4．The passage is about．C
A．making violins
B．scientific ideas
C．the old Italian violins
D．musical instruments
5．Musicians think that modern violins．C
A．will sound better and better in the future
B．will sound worse and worse in the future
C．sound less wonderful than the old Italian ons
D．sound really the same as the old Italian ones
6．Some scientists think the Italian violin makers．B
A．did not know much about violins
B．knew something secret
C．used many kinds of wood
D．were lucky
7．Violins made todayA．
A．can be the same shape as the old ones
B．sound the same as the old ones
C．are a bit better than the old ones
D．have the same varnish as the old ones．

5．Have you ever experienced a natural disaster？The three people share their personal experiences with us？
A flood（洪水） hit our village．
When I was about 14 years old，I lived in Surathanee，the south part of Thailand．A flood hit our village after a rainstorm．The roads were flooded with a lot of water．My family and I worked hard to find things to control the flow of the water．People who lived near the river had to climb up to the roof of their houses．
The flood caused damage to us．For example，my father's rubber（橡胶） business was damaged because his rubber got wet．Besides，many houses were destroyed．
------Anotai Udomwittayakra from ThailandThe hurricane（飓风） was a nightmare．
This story took place about seven years ago．At that time I was only eleven years old，but I could remember it clearly．
During that week，we had to face the most powerful hurricane．I could still hear the noise of the wind blowing on the windows that were shaking．Outside，everything was flying or moving…cars，bikes，trees，and plastic bags．During the whole week，we were not able to go out．All the roads were cut off，and we didn't have running water or communication．Under those conditions，the hardest part was having no contract with the rest of my family living around the island．
---Kevin Parfait from MartiniqueIt was really an earthquake．
One day my friends and I were celebrating our last day in high school at a friend's．When we were all in the pool，I felt dizzy（眩晕的）．A few minutes later，my friend said，"It's an earthquake．"
It was really an earthquake．Most of the houses built in the mountains were destroyed and many people lost their lives．
---Alexandra Pacheco from Venezuela13．What was the common feature （相同的特点）of the three disasters？A
A．They all caused great damage to people．
B．They all made people lose touch with each other．
C．They all made people have no water for some time
D．They were all the worst in the history．
14．What did Kevin experience in the hurricane？A
A．He was not able to contact his family members．
B．He felt the ground shaking．
C．He saw everything in his house flying．
D．He heard many people crying．
15．What can we know about the earthquake Alexandra described？B
A．Though it was big，it caused little damage．
B．It was not forecast（预报）．
C．It made many people die from hunger．
D．It didn't affect the celebration of Alexandra and his friends．

4．You're standing with your classmates．Everyone is talking-except you．Perhaps you're afraid they will laugh at what you say．Or maybe you just aren't brave enough to speak．
I've been there，and so have many other people all over the world． Shyness is like a snake that crawls（爬进） into our mouths and stops us speaking．But we shouldn't let it stay there．
I am 29years old．Even today，that snake still sometimes visits me．But when I was in high school，I was so shy that I wouldn't talk to anyone except my parents and best friends．If a stranger asked me the way to a local shop，it was as if I'd forgotten how to talk
One summer，I got a job in a restaurant and that helped a lot．It meant I had to talk to customers．I had to tell them how much their meal cost．I had to ask them if they wanted to drink Coke or Sprite．I had to tell the people in the kitchen if someone wanted pickle（泡菜）on their sandwich．
This job taught me how to speak with people．
You may not be old enough to find a part-time job．But you can look for other chances to speak with people．You can offer to help an old woman carry her heavy bag．Or you can go to get a newspaper for your family．
If you do these things for a while，the"shyness"snake will soon begin to leave you alone．It'll look for another mouth to crawl into．

5．The underlined sentence（划线句子）in the second paragraph probably means"B"
A．I am sad because I know I will always be shy．
B．Like many other people I have been troubled by shyness．
C．I have been in many situations that make other people feel shy．
D．I'm confident that I can find a way to get over shyness．
6．The example in the first paragraph is used toA
A．introduce the fact that many people have a shyness problem
B．show that everyone has the right to speak in class
C．tell readers that it is not right to laugh at others
D．argue that it is right to keep silent in public
7．The author's duties（职责）in the restaurant includedC
A．cooking the meals for customers
B．discussing the menu（菜单） with the manager
C．taking the customers'orders
D．helping people in the kitchen
8．What should be the best title for the passage？B
A．I am shy
B．How to overcome（克服）shyness
C．What is shyness
D．Everybody is shy．

3．As we all know，different countries have different cultures．The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot．（16）G
The origin of the eastern cultures is mainly from two countries：hina and India．Both of the two cultures are fostered by rivers-the Yellow River in China and the Hindu River in India．（17）D Then in Tang Dynasty of China，the Chinese culture gradually went overseas to Japan，mixed into the Japanese society and shaped the Japanese culture nowadays．Though a bit different from the Chinese one，it belongs to the same system．
When the two mother rivers gave birth to the Eastern culture，another famous culture was brought up on the Mesopotamian Plain-the Mesopotamian Civilization．This civilization later on developed into the cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome．（18）B Like the Chinese culture，the European one also crossed waters．When the British settled down in America，their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean．So the American culture doesn't distinguish from the European one a lot．
（19）F ake the language system for example．In the East，most languages belong to the pictographic language while the Western languages are mostly based on the Latin system．Other causes like human race difference counts as well．But what's more，due to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West，the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries．So they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference （干扰） from the other．
The differences are everywhere．（20）E But different cultures make the world of 21st century more colorful．The cultural gap should not be the obstacle （障碍） to the civilization of human being．It ought to be the motivation of our going farther．

A．Let us work together to keep a variety of culture．
B．And these two are well-known as the base of the European culture．
C．One important thing is to learn about other cultures．
D．They helped the two cultures develop for centuries and form their own styles．
E．They are obvious and affect people's ways of thinking and their views of the world．
F．At the same time，some other differences add to the cultural differences．
G．This is because the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole．

2．Floating like a ball in the salty water of the Dead Sea is an unforgettable experience．

1．As is known to all，there existed dinosaurs on the earth a long time ago．

20．Some local governments stillviolently（疯狂） destroy houses because of interest in land development．

19．Students living in the buildings that have kitchens only are permitted to cook in the kitchen．

18．The Science of Risk-SeekingSometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth taking．（36）F Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us．Why？Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work．
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans．Risk-takers were better at hunting，fighting，or exploring．（37）C As the quality of Risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next，humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk．
So why aren't we all jumping out of airplanes then？Well，even 200，000 years ago，too much risk-taking could get one killed．A few daring survived，though，along with a few stay-in-the-cave types．As a result，humans developed a range of character types that still exists today．So maybe you love car racing，or maybe you hate it．（38）A
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range，scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years．（39）ETo help you do that，your brain increases your hunger for new experiences．New experiences often mean taking some risks，so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well．
（40）G For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active．
As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking，we'll continue to hit the mountains，the waves or the shallow end of the pool．

A．It all depends on your character．
B．Those are the risks you should jump to take．
C．Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival．
D．Thus，these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest．
E．This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world．
F．However，we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards．
G．New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation．

17．When John was growing up，other kids felt sorry for him．His parents always had him weeding the garden，carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers．But when John reached adulthood，he was better off than his childhood playmates．He had more job satisfaction，a better marriage and was healthier．Most of all，he was happier．Far happier．
These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456teenage boys from Boston．The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not．"Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence （能力） and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，"said George Vaillant，the psychologist （心理学家） who made the discovery．"And because they felt good about themselves，others felt good about them．"
Vaillant's study followed these males in great detail．Interviews were repeated at ages 25，31and 47．Under Vaillant，the researchers compared the men's mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores．Points were awarded for part-time jobs，housework，effort in school，and ability to deal with problems．
The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp．Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people，five times as likely to be well paid and 16times less likely to have been unemployed．The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out．
Working----at any age----is important．Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility，independence，confidence and competence---the underpinnings （基础） of emotional health．They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals．The most competent adults are those who know how to do this．Yet work isn't everything．As Tolstoy once said，"One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love，to work for the person one loves and to love one's work．"

32．What do we know about John？A
A．He enjoyed his career and marriage．
B．He had few childhood playmates．
C．He received little love from his family．
D．He was envied by others in his childhood．
33．Vaillant's team obtained their findings byC．
A．recording the boys'effort in school
B．evaluating the men's mental health
C．comparing different sets of scores
D．measuring the men's problem solving ability
34．What does the underlined word"sharp"probably mean in Paragraph 4？C
A．Quick to react
B．Having a thin edge
C．Clear and definite
D．Sudden and rapid
35．What can be inferred from the last paragraph？B
A．Competent adults know more about love than work．
B．Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life．
C．Love brings more joy to people than work does．
D．Independence is the key to one's success．

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