1．Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall?What do ——青夏教育精英家教网—

1．Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall？What do you think caused this change in colour？It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank or from t}le nearby fields．
Components of Soil
Soil is made up of a number of layers（层），each having its own distinctive colour and texture．The upper layer is known as the litter．It acts like a blanket．limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss．The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus（腐殖质），which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour．This layer is usually rich in nutrients，oxygen，and water．Below the topsoil is the subsoil，a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter．This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus．Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock．
Soil forms from the bottom up．Over time bedrock is attacked by rain，wind，frost，and snow．It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering．Plants begin to grow，and rotten materials enrich the topsoil．Most of the soil in Eastern Canada．for example．Was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared l2，000years ago．
Water Beneath the Soil
Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes．ponds．and rivers．Once in the soil or rock，it is called groundwater．Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation（渗透）．Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table．Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate．
As water percolates downward，it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers．This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth．
Soil pH
Soil can be acidic．neutral．or basic．The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock
from which it was formed．and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot in it．
The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil．By burning fossil fuels such as coal，oil and gasoline，humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils．When fossil fuels are burned．gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain．Acid soil increases出e problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels．As nutrients are removed，soil is less fertile．Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil，and also become easily attacked by diseases．
67．The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called．B
A.1itter
B．topsoil
C．humus
D．subsoil
68．According to the text．which of the following is NOT true？B
A．Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface．
B．The deeper layer of soil is darker in colour than the surface soil．
C．Air pollution is partially responsible for acid soil．
D．Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth．
69．We can infer from the passage that the water table liesC．
A．between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer
B．in the subsoil layer above bedrock
C．between the subsoil layer and bedrock
D．in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil
70．The underlined word"dissolve"is used to express the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil areD．
A．rushed away into the river
B．cleaned and purified by water
C．destroyed and carried away by water
D．mixed with water and become part of it．

20．We experience different forms of the Sun's energy every day．We can see its light and feel its warmth．The Sun is the major source of evaporation （蒸发） of water from the oceans and lakes．Sunlight also provides the energy used by green plants to make their own food．These green plants then provide food for all organisms （生物） on the Earth．
Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth's surface．It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere．Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth's surface．The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet，causes water to evaporate，and provides energy for the water cycle and weather．Only a tiny part，approximately 0.023%，is actually used by green plants to produce food．
Many gases found in the atmosphere actually reflect heat energy escaping from the Earth's surface back to the Earth．These gases act like the glass of a greenhouse in that they allow energy from the Sun to enter but prevent energy from leaving．They are therefore called greenhouse gases．
When sunlight strikes an object，some of the energy is absorbed and some is reflected．The amount reflected depends on the surface．For example，you've probably noticed how bright snow is when sunlight falls on it．Snow reflects most of the energy from the Sun，so it contributes to the low temperatures of winter．Dark-coloured surfaces，such as dark soil or forest，absorb more energy and help warm the surrounding air．
64．According to the passage，the root cause for weather changes on the Earth isC．
A．the atmosphere surrounding the Earth
B．water from oceans and lakes
C．energy from the Sun
D．greenhouse gases in the sky
65．Only a small part of the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's surface because most of itC．
A．absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere
B．reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere
C．lost in the upper and lower atmosphere
D．used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes
66．We learn from the passage thatA．
A．all living things on the Earth depend on the Sun for their food
B．a forest looks dark in winter because it absorbs solar energy
C．only 0.023% of the energy from the Sun is made use of on the Earth
D．greenhouse gases allow heat energy to escape from the Earth's surface．

19．Professor Barry Wellman of the University of Toronto in Canada has invented a term to describe the way many North Americans interact （互动） these days．The term is"networked individualism"．This concept is not easy to understand because the words seem to have opposite meanings．How can we be individuals （个体） and be networked at the same time？You need other people for networks．
Here is what Professor Wellman means．Before the invention of the Internet and e-mail，our social networks included live interactions with relatives，neighbors，and friends．Some of the interaction was by phone，but it was still voice to voice，person to person，in real time．
A recent research study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project showed that for a lot of people，electronic interaction through the computer has replaced this person-to-person interaction．However，a lot of people interviewed for the Pew study say that's a good thing．Why？
In the past，many people were worried that the Internet isolated （孤立） us and caused us to spend too much time in the imaginary world of the computer．But the Pew study discovered that the opposite is true．The Internet connects us with more real people than expected-helpful people who can give advice on careers，medical problems，raising children，and choosing a school or college．About 60million Americans told Pew that the Internet plays an important role in helping them make major life decisions．
Thanks to the computer，we are able to be alone and together with other people-at the same time!
60．The underlined phrase"networked individualism"probably means that by using computers peopleD．
A．stick to their own ways no matter what other people say
B．have the rights and freedom to do things of their own interest
C．do things in their own ways and express opinions different from other people
D．are able to keep to themselves but at the same time reach out to other people
61．According to the Pew study，what do many people rely on to make major life decisions？A
A．Networks．
B．Friends．
C．Phones．
D．Parents．
62．It can be inferred from the Pew study thatC．
A．people have been separated from each other by using computers
B．the Internet makes people waste a lot of time and feel very lonely
C．the Internet has become a tool for a new kind of social communication
D．a lot of people regard the person-to-person communication as a good thing
63．Which would be the best title for this passage？C
A．We're Alone on the Internet．
B．We're Communicating on the Internet．
C．We're Alone Together on the Internet．
D．We're in the Imaginary World of the Internet．

18．The Marches were a happy family．Poverty，hard work，and even the fact that Father March was away with the Union armies could not down the spirits of Meg，Jo，Beth，Amy，and Matinee，as the March girls called their mother．
The March sisters tried to be good but had their share of faults，Pretty Meg was often displeased with the schoolchildren．she taught； boyish Jo was easy to become angry； golden-haired schoolgirl Amy liked to show up； but Beth，who kept the house，was loving and gentle always．
The happy days passed and darkness came when a telegram arrived for Mrs．March．"Your husband is very ill，"it said，"come at once．"The girls tried to be brave when their mother left for the front．They waited and prayed．Little Beth got scarlet fever （猩红热） when she was taking care of a sick neighbor．She became very ill but began to recover by the time Marmee was back．Then Father came home from the front and at that joyful Christmas dinner they were once more all together．
Three years later the March girls had grown into young womanhood．Meg became Mrs．Brooke，and after a few family troubles got used to her new state happily．Jo had found pleasure in her literary efforts．Amy had grown into a young lady with a talent for design and an even greater one for society．But Beth had never fully regained her health，arid her family watched her with love and anxiety．
Amy was asked to go and stay in Europe with a relative of the Marches'．Jo went to New York and became successful in her writing and had the satisfaction of seeing her work published there．But at home the bitterest blew was yet to fall．Beth had known for some time that she couldn't live much longer to be with her family，and in the springtime she died．
News came from Europe that Amy and Laurie，the grandson of a wealthy neighbor，had planned to be married soon．Now Jo became ever mom successful in her writing and got married to Professor Bhaer，and soon afterwards founded a school for boys．
And so the little women had grown up and lived happily with their children，enjoying the harvest of love and goodness that they had devoted all their lives to．
56．The members of the March family were Father March，Mrs．March and theirA．
A．four daughters
B．five daughters
C．son and four daughters
D．son and five daughters
57．Who was the most successful in career （事业） among the March girls？A
A．Jo．
B．Beth．
C．Amy．
D．Meg．
58．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？C
A．The March Family．
B．The March Parents．
C．The March Girls．
D．The March Relatives．
59．It can be inferred from the passage that the March family hadA．
A．both happiness and sadness
B．wealthy neighbors
C．more girls than boys
D．a lot of rich relative．

17．假定你是李华，你得知你的美国朋友Tom正在学习中文，并且遇到一些困难．请根据以下提示给Tom写一封电子邮件，告诉他一些学习中文的方法：
1．写信目的；
2．相关建议；
3．你的希望．
注意：词数100左右；可适当增加细节以使行文连贯．
Dear Tom．

16．Sometimes willpower is a lot like the television remote control-hard to find just whenyou want it most．Whether you're trying to lose weight，stop smoking or get to the gym
regularly，developing your sense of willpower is an important part of changing any
behavior．（36）G．But there re ways to increase your willpower．
▲Don't try to change your economic situation，win a promotion and lose weight all on the sam morning．Establish one clear，specific goal and make a realistic plan to achieve it．
Extra wilpower sometimes requires extra energy，so don't stretch yourself too thin．（37）B．
▲Whatever your goal is，don't expect to achieve it overnight．（38）C．If you are trying
to kick a coffee habit，start by replacing your morning cup of coffee with a glass of water，
instead of promising never to drink coffee again．Congratulate yourself on the small achieve-ments that will pave the way toward a larger one．These successes help your willpower
grow．
▲（39）D．Ask friends，family or colleagues for assistance and tell them exactly how they
can help．If your credit card bills have increased sharply，for instance，let friends know
that you are cutting back on expenses．Suggest having a common dinner instead of meeting at an expensive restaurant．Find a support group or organization related to your goal and
attend their meetings．You can get valuable advice，understanding and information．
▲If possible，change your environment to encourage positive behavior．Want to get in
shape？Keep an extra set of workout clothes in your office as a reminder to stop by the gym on the way home．Quitting smoking？（40）F．

A．Change your environment to change your life
B．Focus on one goal at a time．
C．Real success takes time．
D．Improve your willpower by a support network．
E．Changing your behavior requires more than willpower．
F．Avoid bars or restaurants where you might be attracted to light up．
G．Breaking a bad habit or forming a new and healthy one can be difficult．

15．Bonnie Hernandez，41，a single mother of three，lives in public housing on Manhattan's Lower East Side．She dropped out of school in the ninth grade．But she hasn't let it keep her kids from succeeding．Her daughter Jennifer graduated from a city public high school among the top students in her class．Now 20，she plans to attend a local college．
When her youngest son，Joshua，13，had a chance to attend a high school in a dstant part of the city，she balked at the idea of his traveling so far on his own．Instead，she insisted he attend a school closer to their home．"I try to monitor as much as I can，"says Hernandez．"I want to know what's bothering him．"
Hernandez understands that being deeply involved in her children's lives has made a difference in their education．To do it，she had to swallow her pride．
"There was always one thing I was unable to help them with--homework．But I wasn't embarrassed，"she says．"I asked people for help．The moment you close your mind from embarrassment，you close it to knowledge．"Hernandez，a poor reader herself，knew she had to get her kids reading early to give them a chance．It was hard to imagine her children's success without wide reading．She took them regularly to local public libraries．She says，"They had their library cards already at three years old．"At night，she read aloud to them despite being so tired．
She also kept an eye out for recreation and volunteering programs for her children..Recently Hernandez's older son，18-year-old Joey，has begun working with disabled children，and told his mother how wonderful it was to be able to read to a third-grader who couldn't read himself．Hernandez says，"It felt like he was passing on a gift that I'd given him．"
24．The underlined word"balked"in the second paragraph probably meansB．
A．agreed
B．hesitated
C．was happy
D．wondered
25．Why did Hernandez ask her son to attend a school close to their home？C
A．To save money
B．To protect her son from danger
C．To watch her son's life closely
D．To avoid heavy traffic
26．According to Hernandez，it's foolish of people toA．
A．feel ashamed to ask people for help
B．give up studying at an early age
C．force their children to do what they don't like
D．give up their own life to help their children succeed
27．From this passage，we can learn thatD．
A．Hernandez had to raise her children after her husband died
B．Hernandez's children were made to devote all time to studying
C．Hernandez's children didn't dare to go against her will
D．Hernandez's children benefited much from early reading．

14．Honesty is one of the bestqualities（品质） of a great person．

13．Don't be takenin by his appearance．Actually he's always telling lies．

12．What will you do if you can't eat everything bought in the canteen？（16）BAccording to a survey，what students waste every year could feed over 10 million people．（17）E．
According to Xinhua News Agency，the food wasted by Chinese people is about 50 million tons of grain every year，which could feed 200 million people．
Food waste，which has become a global issue，serves as a mirror that reflects various cultural and social issues in different countries．In the West，for instance，consumerism，the belief that it's a good thing to use a lot of goods and services，is often to blame for food waste．（18）G．Chinese people are well known for being hospitable and generous．Many even feel that they lose face if their guests have eaten all the food．On campus，a generation of single children is less aware of the food waste issue．Students nowadays are well protected by their families and hardly have any concept of how much toil（辛劳）others go through in order to provide them with the food they eat．（19）FThere are over 925 million hungry people in the world，most of whom live in underdeveloped countries and areas．They don't have enough food to eat．Many children die for lack of nutrition each year in some African countries．And farmers work very hard to grow the crops．（20）D．It's also important that everyone should think about how they can do their bit to reduce food waste．

A．Students'waste is extremely serious．
B．Most of us would simply throw away any leftover food．
C．Students can never realize the serious food crisis．
D．So there's no excuse that we should waste our food．
E．But canteen waste is merely the tip of the iceberg．
F．Compared with them，some live in a different world．
G．China，in turn，features its own eating culture．

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