6．The values of artistic works.according to cultural relativism.are simply reflections of local soci——青夏教育精英家教网—

6．The values of artistic works，according to cultural relativism，are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions．Such a view，however，fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries．
History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world．It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls，as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries．Unique works of this kind are different from today's popular art，even if they began as works of popular art．They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future．
In a 1757 essay，the philosopher David Hume argued that because"the general principles of taste are uniform（不变的） in human nature，"the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent．He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years．Works of this type，he believed，spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries．
Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art．For example，evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long-lasting themes and plot devices in fiction．The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before．Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist．
33．In Paragraph 2，the artists are mentioned in order to show thatB．
A．history gives art works special appeal to set them apart
B．great works of art can go beyond national boundaries
C．popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts
D．great artists are skilled a t combining various cultures
34．According to Hume，some works of art can exist for centuries becauseC．
A．they are results of scientific study
B．they establish some general principles of art
C．they appeal to unchanging features of human nature
D．they are created by the world's greatest artists
35．Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage？D
A．Is Cultural Relativism Scientific？
B．Are Popular Arts Permanent？
C．Is Human Nature Uniform？
D．Are Artistic Values Universal？

5．Some people are like homing pigeons：Drop them off anywhere，and they'll find their way around．Other people，though，can't tell when they're holding a map upside down．Are the directionally challenged just bad learners？
Not all of your navigational （导航的）skills are learned．Research shows that your sense of direction is innate．An innate ability is something you are born with．Your brain has special navigational neurons-head-direction cells，place cells，and grid cells （网格细胞）-and they help program your inside compass when you're just a baby．
In 2010，scientists carried out an experiment to study baby rats'neural activity in their brains．Although the rats were newborns，the researchers discovered that their head-direction cells （which help them recognize the direction they're facing） were fully grown and developed．The rats，it seemed，were born with a sense of direction．And they hadn't even opened their eyes yet!
Humans，of course，are not rats．But the hippocampus-the brain area we use for navigation-is similar in most mammals．If the rat's compass develops this way，then it's likely that a human's compass does，too．
If we're born with a sense of direction，then why are some people so good at getting lost？The scientists found that the two other cells-place and grid cells-developed within the first month．Place cells are thought to help us form a map in our mind，while grid cells help us navigate new and unfamiliar places．The two cells work together，and that's where the trouble might be．
People who took part in a 2013 study played a video game that required them to travel quickly between different places．Monitoring their brains，the scientists found that grid cells helped the gamers recognize where they were-even without landmarks．According to researcher Michael Kahana，differences in how grid cells work may help explain why some people have a better sense of direction than others．
32．What did the 2010 research find？A
A．Rats have a natural ability to recognize directions．
B．Rats'hippocampus is different from that of humans．
C．Rats usually find their way without opening their eyes．
D．Baby rats have as many head-direction cells as grown-ups．
33．What do we know about our navigational neurons？D
A．Place cells let us know how to read a map．
B．Grid cells help us reach the place we are going to．
C．They help us use a compass when we lose our way．
D．Place and grid cells grow later than head-direction cells．
34．Why are some people so good at getting lost？B
A．They can't remember landmarks．
B．Their grid cells can't work very well．
C．They are unfamiliar with new places．
D．Their ability to follow directions is poor．
35．What is the text mainly about？A
A．Human navigational skills．
B．The compass in rats'body．
C．Why grid cells are useful．
D．How homing pigeons work．

4．Anna Schiferl hadn't even got out of bed when she reached for her cell phone and typed a text to her mom，one recent Saturday．Mom was right downstairs in the kitchen．The text？Anna wanted an egg for breakfast．Soon after，Joanna Schiferl called，"If you want to talk to me，Anna，come downstairs and see me!"Anna laughs about it now．"I was kind of being lazy，"she admits．
These days，many people with cell phones prefer texting to a phone call．And that's creating a communication divide，of sorts-the talkers vs．the texters．Some would argue that it's no big deal．But many experts say the most successful communicators will，of course，have the competence to do both．And they fear that more of us are unable to have-or at least are avoiding-the traditional face-to-face conversations．
Many professors say it is not common to see students outside of class．"I sit in my office hours lonely now because if my students have a question，they email me，often late at night，"says Renee Houston，a professor at the University of Puget Sound in Washington state．"And they never call．"
As Anna sees it："There are people you'll text，but won't call．It's just a way to stay in touch with each other．"Some believe that scores of texts each day keep people more connected．"The problem is that the conversation isn't very deep，"says Joseph Grenny，co-author of the book Crucial Conversations：Tools for Talking When Stakes are High．
"The problem has been there since we've had telephones-probably since the time of a telegraph，"Grenny says．Texting is just the latest way to do that．Though they may not always be so good at deep conversations themselves，Grenny suggests that parents model the behavior for their children and put down their own cell phones．He says that they also should set limits，as Anna's mom did when she made the"no texting to people in the same house"rule．
24．According to Paragraph 1，JoannaA．
A．was very strict with her daughter
B．did not know how to use a cell phone
C．was angry that her daughter got up late
D．did not have any breakfast that morning
25．The underlined word"competence"in Paragraph 2 probably means"B"．
A．chance
B．ability
C．courage
D．patience
26．In Joseph Grenny's opinion，D．
A．cell phones make people lonelier
B．telephones help people communicate clearly
C．texting helps people have deeper conversations
D．talking should be encouraged instead of texting
27．What would be the best title for the text？C
A．Why is communication important？
B．How does texting affect kids at school？
C．Is texting ruining the art of conversation？
D．How can we avoid one-sided conversations？

3．Career success could be predicted as early as kindergarten，according to a 20-year study recently published in the American Journal of Public Health．
   Researchers from Pennsylvania State University and Duke University tracked more than 700 children from across the US between kindergarten and age 25 and found a significant correlation（相关性） between their social skills as kindergartners and their success as adults two decades later．
   In 1991，teachers assessed how the kindergartners interacted（互动） with each other socially using a range of criteria like whether they cooperate with their peers without prompting（激励），if they're helpful to others，whether they're good at understanding feelings，and if they can solve problems on their own．
Researchers then kept track of whether the students went on to graduate high school on time，get a college degree，and find and keep a full-time job by 25．They also monitored the participants'involvement with crime，drug abuse，public assistance，and mental health issues．
The results showed that socially competent（有能力的）children were far more likely to earn a college degree and have a full-time job by 25 than those with limited social skills．Those with limited social skills also had a higher chance of getting arrested，binge（放纵） drinking，and applying for public housing．
"This study shows that helping children develop social and emotional skills is one of the most important things we can do to prepare them for a healthy future，"said Kristin Schubert，program director at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation，which funded the research，in a release．
"From an early age，these skills can determine whether a child goes to college or prison，and whether they end up employed or addicted．"
The good news，according to Damon Jones，lead author of the study，is that intervention（干预） at a young age can help improve social and emotional skills．
"This research by itself doesn't prove that higher social competence can lead to better outcomes later on，"he said．"But when combined with other research，it is clear that helping children develop these skills increases their chances of success in s chool，work，and life．"
28．What has the 20-year study found？D
A．Most kindergartners can solve problems alone．
B．Helpful children understand other's feeling better．
C．Outgoing children cooperate with their peers easily．
D．Social skills play a key role in children's development．
29．Paragraph 3 and 4 are mainly about？C
A．when the researchers began their study
B．how long it took to complete the study
C．how the researchers conducted the study
D．what factors were studied by the experts
30．What should parents do to help their children to succeed according to Kristin Schubert？A
A．Teach them how to cooperate with others．
B．Teach them some basic living skills．
C．Tell them to keep off alcohol
D．Coach them in their lessons．
31．The text makes very good sense toB．
A．teenagers
B．educators
C．doctors
D．general readers．

2．Su Hua is studying at Cambridge，UK．She has bought a bicycle and is worried about security （安全）．Her friend，Kate，found this article and sent it to her．

Introduction
A lot of crime is against bicycles．About 150，000 bicycles are stolen every year and most are never found．You can prevent this happening by following a few careful steps．
Basic Security
Do not leave your bicycle in out-of-the-way places．Always lock your bicycle when you leave．Secure it to lampposts or trees．Take off smaller parts and take them with you，for example lights and saddles （车座）．
Locks
Get a good lock．There are many different types in the shops．Buy one that has been tested against attack．Ask for a recommendation from a bike shop．
Marking
Security marking your bike can act a deterrent to a thief．It can also help the police find your bicycle．It should be clearly written and include your postcode and your house or flat number．This will provide a simple way to identify your bicycle．
Registration
There are a number of companies who will security mark your bicycle for you．They will then put your registration number and personal details on their computer database．Then if your bicycle is found it will be easy to contact you．
Finally
Keep a record of the bicycle yourself：its make，model and registration number．You can even take a photograph of it．This will prove the bicycle belongs to you．

21．Which part of the text gives you information on how to lock up your bicycle when you leave it？D
A．Locks．B．Marking．C．Registration．D．Basic Security．
22．The underlined phrase"act as a deterrent to a thief"meansC．
A．help you recognize your bike
B．help the police find your bicycle
C．stop someone stealing your bicycle
D．stop you worrying about your bike
23．The main purpose of this article isB．
A．to tell you what to do if your bicycle is stolen
B．to suggest ways of keeping your bicycle safe
C．to give you advice on where to buy a good lock
D．to say why you shouldn't keep your bicycle in a quiet place．

1．Reg Foggerdy，62，who was on a hunting trip in the Great Victoria Desert in Western Australia when he hunted for a camel he'd shot，had to eat ants to survive while lost for six days without water in wildness．
"I followed this camel into the （41）B．I'd gone at least 30km．I didn't know where I was，"he said，narrating his wrong 19 mile（42）Dand extraordinary tale of survival that followed．
Foggerdy found himself alone with only clothing he was wearing．He had a valuable source of food（43）Ain front of him---the dead camel he'd（44）Bdown but no means with （45）Cto eat it．
"I didn't have a knife，and I didn't have matches for a（46）A，"he said．"So I couldn't go and（47）Da steak off the animal．"
In his（48）D，he turned to ants for（49）D，an idea he remembered from watching TV shows of British survival expert Bear Grylls．"They tasted quite good．The first day，I ate probable 12 ants---and the following day，I had 18，"Foggerdy said．
（50）C，as time passed，his hopes of （51）Cit out of the desert alive began to （52）B．He saw search helicopters passing overhead，but they didn't notice him because the bush is so （53）A
By the sixth day，his（54）Dhad started to shut down．He had said his last goodbyes in his head and （55）Bdeath to come soon
"I was（56）Awith myself，"he said，（57）Ctears as he remembered the thought of his family seeing his body lying on the dirt in the bush．
But as Goggerdy（58）Dfor the end，searchers were hot on his trail after a tracker（59）Cone of his footprints in the dirt．
The grandfather says he thinks he was not （60）C---just lucky．

41．A．dirt	B．bush	C．desert	D．wildness
42．A．trip	B．walk	C．journey	D．wander
43．A．right	B．straight	C．slowly	D．instantly
44．A．shot	B．chased	C．killed	D．knocked
45．A．wh at	B．that	C．which	D．whom
46．A．fire	B．meal	C．cook	D．water
47．A．put	B．break	C．turn	D．cut
48．A．memory	B．experience	C．impression	D．dilemma
49．A．help	B．power	C．strength	D．nutrients
50．A．Anyhow	B．Finally	C．However	D．Therefore
51．A．getting	B．escaping	C．making	D．managing
52．A．die	B．fade	C．decrease	D．weaken
53．A．thick	B．big	C．thin	D．tall
54．A．heart	B．eyes	C．pulse	D．organs
55．A．explored	B．expected	C．declared	D．ignored
56．A．peaceful	B．hopeful	C．concerned	D．desperate
57．A．taking back	B．bursting into	C．wiping away	D．hiding away
58．A．reached	B．made	C．sought	D．prepared
59．A，found	B．saw	C．spotted	D．searched
60．A．brave	B．patient	C．tough	D．confident