15．Recently a study.led by Pedro Hallal of the Federal University.suggests that nearly a third of ad——青夏教育精英家教网—

15．Recently a study，led by Pedro Hallal of the Federal University，suggests that nearly a third of adults，31%，are not getting enough exercise．That rates of exercise have declined is hardly a new discovery．Since the beginning of the industrial revolution，technology and economic growth have helped to create a world in which taking exercise is more and more an option rather than a necessity．But only recently have enough good data been collected from enough places to carry out the sort of analysis Dr Hallal and his colleagues have engaged in．
There are common themes in different places．Unsurprisingly，people in rich countries are less active than those in poor ones，and old people are less active than young ones．Less obviously，women tend to exercise less than men-34% are inactive，compared with 28% of men．But there are exceptions．The women of Croatia，Finland，Iraq and Luxembourg，for example，move more than their male countrymen．
Malta wins the race for most slothful country，with 72% of adults getting too little exercise，and Swaziland and Saudi Arabia are in close behind，with 69%．In Bangladesh，just 5% of adults fail to exercise enough．Surprisingly，six Americans in ten are active enough according to Dr Hallal's study，compared with fewer than four in ten British．
These high rates of inactivity are worrying．Human beings seem to have evolved（进化） to benefit from exercise while deliberately avoiding it whenever they can．In a state of nature it would be impossible to live a life that did not provide enough of it．But that is no longer the case．Actually lack of enough activity these days has nearly the same effect on life span（寿命） as smoking．
29．We may learn from Paragraph 1 thatD．
A．the decline of exercise rates is newly discovered
B．the study suggests 31% of female adults get too little exercise
C．the good enough data has been collected from only one country
D．the industrial revolution has changed the way people live to some degree
30．According to the study，women of LuxembourgD．
A．have little time to exercise
B．hate to get regular exercise
C．take more exercise to lose weight
D．exercise more than men in their country
31．The underlined word"slothful"in Paragraph 3 most probably meansC．
A．powerful         B．rich         C．lazy         D．unpopular
32．What can be the best title for the text？A
A．Worldwide Lack of Enough Exercise
B．New Health Discovery
C．Evolvement of Human Beings
D．Benefits of Taking Exercise．

14．Last week the American Medical Association voted，for the first time，to declare obesity（肥胖） a disease．How should the rest of us respond？When we meet obese people，should we cast them a knowing glance of concern and ask how they are doing？Should we send flowers and"get well soon"cards to obese family members and friends？
Should the U．S．declare war on obesity，as we once did on cancer？
If obesity truly is a disease，then over 78 million adults and 12 million children in America just got classified as sick．Yet many sensible people know that declaring obesity a disease is a mistake．Simply put，obesity is not a disease．To be sure，it is a risk factor for some diseases．
Yet everyone who is obese does not get sick，and many normal-weight people do not stay healthy．I have known slim people who took good care of themselves throughout their lives yet fell ill and died young．Others who exhibited no particular interest in their health and did not watch their weight lived to an old age．In most cases，we simply cannot tell from a person's weight what lies ahead for them in life．Consider Winston Churchill．Though average in height，Churchill weighed up to 250 pounds．He smoked cigars and drank relatively heavily．He did not work out．Yet he became perhaps the most important statesmen of the 20th century and one of the greatest politicians in history．He lived to age 90．
Is obesity bad for people？For some，especially patients who are extremely overweight，the answer is almost certainly yes．Would many overweight people benefit from exercising more and eating less？Again，the answer is likely yes．But this does not make obesity a disease．Many people are not harmed by carrying extra pounds，some may actually benefit from it．For these reasons，we should be careful before labeling obese people diseased．
25．What can we learn from the third paragraph？A
A．Over 90 million Americans are more or less overweight．
B．People with good sense would agree with the declaration．
C．More Americans suffer from obesity than any other diseases．
D．Obesity is the leading cause of most deadly diseases．
26．By mentioning Winston Churchill，the author wants toC．
A．tell us slim people are more likely to die young
B．show how successful an overweight person can be
C．prove overweight people are not necessarily unhealthy
D．encourage people not to care much about their way of living
27．What is the author's attitude towards the American Medical Association's    declaration on obesity？C
A．Favorable            B．Uncaring    C．Disapproving D．Friendly
28．Where can we probably find the text？B
A．A government report
B．A popular science magazine
C．A website about losing weight
D．A book about famous people．

13．To get a chocolate out of a box requires a lot of unpacking：the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived，the cellophane （玻璃纸） wrapper has to be torn off，the lid opened and the paper removed，the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper：But this overuse of wrapping is not limited to luxuries． It is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in beautiful wrapping．
The package itself is of no interest to the shopper，who usually throws it away immediately． Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put out by the average London house-hold each week So why is it done？Some of it，like the cellophane on meat，is necessary，but most of the rest is simply competitive selling． This is absurd．Packaging is using up valuable energy and resources and polluting the environment．
Recycling is already happening with milk bottles which are returned to the dairies（牛奶场），washed out，and refilled． But both glass and paper are being threatened by the growing use of plastic． More dairies are experimenting with plastic bottles．
The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot．Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever increasing plastic containers is to throw away plastic altogether in the shops，a suggestion unacceptable to many producers who say there is no alternative （替代品） to their handy plastic packs．
It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers rather than producing new ones． Unnecessary packaging，intended to be used just once，and make things look better so more people will buy them，is clearly becoming increasingly absurd．But it is．not so much a question of throwing away packaging as using it wisely．What is needed now is a more advanced approach to using scarce resources for what is，after all，a relatively unimportant function．
72． The underlined part"this overuse of wrapping is not limited to luxuries"（in Paragraph l）means．C
    A． more wrapping is needed for ordinary products
    B． more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary products
    C． too much wrapping is used for both luxury and ordinary products
    D． the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary
73． Packaging is important to producers becauseB．
    A． it is easy to use it again
    B．they want to attract more shoppers
    C． shoppers are all interested in beautiful packaging
    D． packaged things will not go rotten
74． According to the passage，dairies areC．
    A． experimenting with the use of paper bottles
    B．giving up the use of glass bottles
    C． increasing the use of plastic bottles
    D．reusing their paper containers
75． Some environmentalists think thatD．
    A． plastic packaging should be made more convenient
    B． no alternative can be found to plastic packaging
    C． too much plastic is wasted
    D． shops should stop using plastic containers．

12．

Eating different colored foods can keep you healthy，as well as change your mood and behavior．Here is a list of colors，which can change your life．
Blue/Purple
Blue is considered to be peaceful and calming and it has the same effect on our health．The blue/purple color in food is due primarily to their anthocyanins which are antioxidants （抗氧化剂） that are particularly heart healthy and may help support healthy blood pressure．Out of all the blue and purple foods available，blueberries are considered to have the highest antioxidant level．An analysis of the latest data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study found that people who eat purple and blue fruits and vegetables are at a reduced risk for high blood pressure and are less likely to be overweight．
A food and health expert says that blue and purple color foods can prevent blood mass formation，and they also lower the risk of cancer．
Foods that contain blue and purple colors are：reddish eggplant （especially the skin），blueberries，blackberries，purple grapes，etc．
Green
We all know that we should eat green as green symbolizes nature．The green foods are rich in isothiocyanates，which help resist cancer．
Dr．Ashok Agarwal，a food and nutrition specialist，explains，"They are excellent sources of folic acid，vitamin K，as well as carotene （胡萝卜素）．Diets high in those above are associated with lowered blood pressure．"
Foods that contain the green color are：broccoli，cabbage，cucumbers，etc．
Red
Lycopene （番茄红素） in reddish fruits and vegetables is a powerful antioxidant that has been associated with a reduced risk of some cancers，and also provides protection against heart attacks．
Dr．Smiths says，"Cooked tomato sauces are associated with greater health benefits as compared with the uncooked version as the heating process allows lycopene to be more easily absorbed by the body．Obtaining the most benefit from food depends on proper selection，storage and cooking of the produce．"
Foods that contain red color are：Tomatoes and tomato products，watermelon，guava，red onions，red chili，red apples，red grapes，cherries，etc．
Orange
The orange foods are also rich in carotene，which are particularly good antioxidants．These foods are commonly considered eyesight foods because they contain vitamin A．
"Orange fruits and vegetables also play a part in preventing cancer，particularly of the lungs and stomach．Foods that contain the color orange are：Carrots，mangoes，sweet potatoes，pumpkins，etc．

56．The passage tries to tell us thatB．
A．colors mean a lot to people and their health
B．foods of different colors will have different benefits
C．eating foods with a color must prevent diseases
D．what people should eat in their daily lives
57．All the colors mentioned in the passage have the function ofC．
A．lowering blood pressure               B．improving eyesight
C．preventing cancer                    D．reducing the risk of heart disease
58．Which color can help keep us thin according to the passage？A
A．Purple． B．Green． C．Red． D．Orange．
59．The green and orange foods are both rich inC．
A．vitamin A       B．folic acid          C．carotene            D．vitamin K
60．It can be inferred from the passage thatD．
A．all grapes help lower the risk of high blood pressure and cancer
B．lung cancer can be prevented by eating red-colored foods
C．green-colored foods contain a lot of vitamin A which is good for eye health
D．tomatoes should be eaten cooked so that we can benefit the most．

11．A new study links heavy air pollution from coal burning to shorter lives in northern China．Researchers estimate that the half-billion people alive there in the 1990s will live an average of 5 years less than their southern counterparts because they breathed dirtier air．
China itself made the comparison possible：for decades，a now-discontinued government policy provided free coal for heating，but only in the colder north．Researchers found significant differences in both particulate pollution of the air and life expectancy in the two regions．
While previous studies have found that pollution affects human health，"the deeper and
ultimately more important question is the impact on life expectancy，"said one of the researchers，Michael Greenstone，a professor of environmental economics at Massachusetts Institute of一Technology．
"This study provides a unique setting to answer the life expectancy question because the
（heating） policy dramatically changes pollution concentrations（含量），Greenstone said in an email．"Further，due to the low rates of migration in China in this period，we can know people's exposure over long time periods，"he said．
The policy gave free coal for fuel boilers to heat homes and offices to cities north of the Huai Riv饥which divides China into north and south．It was in effect for much of the 1950-198，0 period of central planning，and，though discontinued after 1980，it has left a legacy（遗留Pl in the north of heavy coal burning，which releases particulate pollutants into the air that can harm human health．Researchers found no other government policies that treated China's north differently from the south．
The researchers collected data for 90cities，from 1981to 2000，on the annual daily average
concentration of total suspended（悬浮的）particulates．In China，those are considered to be particulates that are 100micrometers or less in diameter，sent out from sources including power stations，construction sites and vehicles．Among them，PM2.5is of especially great health concern because it can go deep into the lungs．
The researchers estimated the impact on life expectancies using death data from 1991-2000．They found that in the north，the concentration of particulates was 184micrograms per cubic meter一or 55percent higher than in the south，and life expectancies were 5.5years lower on average across all age ranges．

62．The main idea of this passage is thatA．
A．research in China finds air pollution shortened life expectancy
B．the government provided free coal for heating in North China
C．coal burning causes bad air quality across China
D．a new study finds different particulates in South China
63．According to Greenstone，Cgreatly contributed to the high pollution concentrations in North China．
A．power stations
B．construction sites
C．the free heating policy
D．gases from vehicles
64．It is implied in the passage thatB•
A．coal is no longer used for heating in North China
B．air quality was comparatively better in South China
C．southerners burned coals for heating in the 1980s
D．people preferred to live in South China after 1980
65．The underlined word"particulates"most probably meansC．
A．dirty clouds
B．particular smoke
C．harmful dust
D．dangerous bacteria．

10．One day，when I was working as a psychologist in England，an adolescent boy showed up in my office．It was David．He kept walking up and down restlessly，his face pale，and his hands shaking slightly．His head teacher had referred him to me．"This boy has lost his family，"he wrote．"He is understandably very sad and refuses to talk to others，and I'm very worried about him．Can you help？"
I looked at David and showed him to a chair．How could I help him？There are problems psychology doesn't have the answer to，and which no words can describe．Sometimes the best thing one can do is to listen openly and sympathetically．
The first two times we met，David didn't say a word．He sat there，only looking up to look at the children's drawings on the wall behind me．I suggested we play a game of chess．He nodded．After that he played chess with me every Wednesday afternoon-in complete silence and without looking at me．It's not easy to cheat in chess，but I admit I made sure David won once or twice．
Usually，he arrived earlier than agreed，took the chess board and pieces from the shelf and began setting them up before I even got a chance to sit down．It seemed as if he enjoyed my company．But why did he never look at me？
"Perhaps he simply needs someone to share his pain with，"I thought．"Perhaps he senses that I respect his suffering．"Some months later，when we were playing chess，he looked up at me suddenly．
"It's your turn，"he said．
After that day，David started talking．He got friends in school and joined a bicycle club．He wrote to me a few times，about his biking with some friends，and about his plan to get into university．Now he had really started to live his own life．
Maybe I gave David something．But I also learned that one-without any words-can reach out to another person．All it takes is a hug，a shoulder to cry on，a friendly touch，and an ear that listens．

47．When he first met the author，DavidC．
A．felt a little excited
B．walked energetically
C．looked a little nervous
D．showed up with his teacher
48．As a psychologist，the authorA．
A．was ready to listen to David
B．was skeptical about psychology
C．was able to describe David's problem
D．was sure of handling David's problem
49．David enjoyed being with the author because heB．
A．wanted to ask the author for advice
B．needed to share sorrow with the author
C．liked the children's drawings in the office
D．beat the author many times in the chess game
50．What can be inferred about David？A
A．He recovered after months of treatment．
B．He liked biking before he lost his family．
C．He went into university soon after starting to talk．
D．He got friends in school before he met the author．

9．People who do not get enough vitamin A in their diet may develop night blindness．But in the developing world a lack of vitamin A causes much more serious harm to children．The World Health Organization links the lack of vitamin A to as many as 250.000 child deaths every year．
    One excellent source of vitamin A is found in sweet potatoes with orange flesh．Orange sweet potatoes contain high levels of beta-carotene（胡萝卜素），which our body can change into vitamin A． Experts say orange sweet potatoes specially bred （育种，培植） for growing conditions in Africa
could help solve the lack of vitamin A there．
     But，first，more people will need to be persuaded to eat them． Jan Low with the International Potato Center，a research organization says the sweet potato needs a better image in Africa． Jan Low says，…We do have an image problem with sweet potato in general in sub-Saharan Africa． It is seen as a crop of the poor．"Ms Low explains that sweet potatoes are mainly grown by poor women to feed their families in case another crop fails． The sweet potatoes commonly grown if Africa have white or yellow flesh． But，more importantly，they are low in vitamin A．
    Jan Low took part in a project to study how best to market orange sweet potatoes to Africans．She worked on an information campaign in Mozambique and Uganda．The campaign included radio messages about the nutritional benefits of the orange sweet potato．They advertised its ability to"fight diseases，make you strong，clear your skin and make you look healthy．"In areas without radio，the campaigners spread the message through community theater．The performances included singing，dancing and storytelling．And everywhere they went，the campaigners wore orange T-shirts and hats．They even drove orange vehicles．Jan Low says the color made it easier to gain public attention．
   Dan Gustafson heads the Washington office of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization． He points toefforts in the past to increase the popularity of other nutritious crops． He says most of these efforts failed because organizers of the campaigns did not consider what people wanted to eat．But Mr．Gustafson sees a better chance for the efforts to increase the popularity of the orange sweet potato in Africa． For one thing，except for the color，the vegetable is similar to what people already use．
66．What does the writer want to tell us in Para． 1？B
A． Vitamin A in food may cause night blindness．
B． People should get enough vitamin A in their diet．
C． The developing countries are in lack of vitamin A．
D． Vitamin A causes too many child deaths every year．
67．According to the passage，which of the following statements is NOT true？A
A． Orange sweet potato contains high levels of vitamin A．
B． Jan Low tries to persuade more people to eat orange sweet potato．
C． The campaign aims to advertise the benefit of orange sweet potato．
D． Fighting diseases，making you strong，clearing your skin and making you look healthy are the ability of the orange sweet potato．
68．Jan Low works forB．
A． the World Health Organization
B． the International Potato Center
C． the government of Mozambique and Uganda
D． the United Nations Food and Agriculture organization
69．The underlined phrase"points to"of Para． 5 is closest in meaning toD
A． lets            B． brings          C． takes           D． mentions
70．The passage mainly talks aboutA．
A． an image problem with orange sweet potato
B． an information campaign in sub-Saharan area
C． the popularity of vitamin A
D． the function of vitamin A in people's diet．

8．Statistically，air travel is by far the safest way to travel，and you can make flying even safer，just by following these simple rules．Though your chances of being in an air accident are practically zero，many of these tips concern what you should and shouldn't do to make your journey safer when you are in the air．
Fly on non-stop routes
Most accidents occur during the take-off，climb，descent and landing periods of a flight，so flying non-stop can reduce these complex steps．
Choose larger aircrafts
Although small aircrafts have very good safety records，those with more than 30 passenger seats are designed to follow much stricter regulations and are tested more regularly to make sure they still work well．Also，in the unlikely event of a serious accident，larger aircrafts provide a better opportunity for passenger survival．
Pay attention to the pre-flight safety briefing
The information may seem to be heard repeatedly，but it's worth listening to the flight attendants．And even if you've flown before，it doesn't mean you know everything about the aircraft you're on，such as the location of the closest emergency exit．
Store things safely
Never put very heavy things in the overhead storage bins．They may fall out when someone opens the bin and cause injury．Also，the bin may not be able to hold heavier objects during turbulence（气流）．
Keep your seat belt fastened while you are seated
Cabin crew always tell you this，but it's important．You would be seriously injured if the plane hits unexpected turbulence．Always fasten your seat belt if you are told to．The general rule of flying is this：If you are told to do something，do it first and ask questions later．
Let the flight attendant pour your hot drinks
Flight attendants are trained to handle hot drinks like coffee or tea in a crowded passage on a moving aircraft，so allow them to pour the drink and hand it to you．Never ask to take a coffee pot from one of them．
28．Why does the writer write these air safety tips？To tell the passengersA
A．how to improve safety while flying．
B．what to do in the unlikely event of a serious accident．
C．how they can avoid turbulence．
D．how to avoid injury．
29．Which of the following is the best one to replace the underlined word"those"in the second tip？C
A．smaller aircrafts
B．passengers
C．larger aircrafts
D．safety records
30．Which of the following is NOT true？B
A．Larger planes have more safety checks and are safer in an accident．
B．Seat belts should be worn only during the take-off，climb，descent and landing periods of a flight．
C．Non-stop flights can reduce the complex steps of takeoff，climb，descent and landing．
D．It is dangerous for a passenger to pour hot drinks on a moving plane．
31．What is the best title of the passage？D．
A．How to Avoid Turbulence
B．How to Fly a Plane
C．Larger Plane is Better
D．Flight Safety Tips．

7．If you're thinking about reaching for another biscuit to get you through the working day，think again．Eating unhealthy snacks at your desk makes you pile on almost half a stone a year，a survey has revealed．The waistlines of women suffer the most，with the average female putting on 6lb 3oz-the equivalent of a whole dress size-while men see their weight increase by 5lb 2oz．
The report into our eating habits found that，on average，we eat at least two snacks a day，with 30 per cent of us tucking into three or more．Women admit eating more than men，with a further 13 per cent of ladies scoffing four or more snacks a day．The research，by The Village Bakery，found biscuits are the most common vice，with 42 per cent regularly opening a pack，closely followed by chocolate （38 per cent），crisps （32 per cent） and cakes （13 per cent）．
And office workers are worse than most．Cakes and biscuits brought into work by colleagues are one of the main temptations office staff give in to．In addition，33 per cent admit reaching for nibbles to cope with stress and 22 per cent say they need a sugar rush to perk them up in the afternoon．
Simon Staddon，of The Village Bakery，said："We were aware time-poor office workers can find it difficult to easily access a nutritional lunch．But we were really shocked by the extent to which‘quick fix'lunches are affecting weight gain and general wellbeing．Popular mid-afternoon pick-me-ups such biscuits，chocolate and cakes are high in calories，fat and full of sugar，all of which affect your blood sugar levels and ultimately lead to weight gain．"
The survey of 2，000 British men and women suggests we are often ashamed of our unhealthy eating．Twenty-four per cent of Britons admit lying about how many snacks they eat with 33 per cent of women lying，compared to 20 per cent of men．Unfortunately，it's not as if we are likely to do anything positive to counteract the sweet treats．

61．According to the passage，women usually put weight on firstD
A．on the face
B．on the legs
C．on the feet
D．in the middle
62．What's the main reason of eating snacks in office？C
A．Colleagues eat them to save money．
B．Staff use them to cope with their lunch．
C．Colleagues often bring them to office．
D．Bosses invite staff to eat them．
63．Why do office workers eat a"quick fix"lunch？D
A．Because it has much of nutrition．
B．Because it has little effect on weight gain．
C．Because it has little effect on general wellbeing．
D．Because they have short time to have their lunches．
64．It can be inferred that British women areB．
A．less likely to lie on snacks than men
B．more likely to lie on snacks than men
C．more ashamed of eating snacks than men
D．less ashamed of eating snacks than men
65．What does the underlined word possibly mean？A
A．act against
B．appeal to
C．cope with
D．get in．

6．How to Relieve Exam Stress
Exam time is here and stress levels are up．You're stuck indoors hitting the books，writing papers，and preparing projects．With the importance of exams，it is understandable that you feel stressed．When faced with something stressful，your body reacts．（36）G．
Yes．You Can!
Believe in yourself that you can pass the exam．Don't focus on how bad it would be for you if you performed poorly．Instead，focus on how good it would be when you did well．
（37）E．Don't let it get into a panic，though．Just c1ose your eyes and take long slow breaths．Doing so will calm your nerves and help you get back your focus．
Don't Cram for Exams
Research has shown that cramming（临时突击）at the last minute for exerts is not efficient．It only adds more stress to your body and mind for lack of sleep and poor nutrition．
Instead of cramming，review your notes，read or do what you would normally do for a test．You have already mastered all the knowledge you need．（38）B．A rested body and a sharp mind will put you in a good state．
Keep a Normal Life
One of the best ways you can relieve the stress of exams is to keep a normal life．After studying you should reward yourself．（39）F．It will do wonders to relieve your stress，but be sure to get back in time and get a good night's sleep．
Eat Well and Exercise
Food is energy for the brain，so be sure to eat well．Energy drinks are NOT food．Try brain foods such as bananas，other fruits and foods high in carbon．
Exercise is also a great way to relieve stress．Shooting basketball with friends or working out at the gym will help raise your energy and reduce stress．（40）C

A．They will be over soon!
B．So try to get a good night's sleep．
C．Even a walk around campus will raise your energy level．
D．You can build your body in various ways．
E．It's normal to feel nervous before and during an exam．
F．Go out with friends to get a good meal．
G．You just need to understand this is a normal reaction and take steps to deal with it．

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