题目内容
11.A new study links heavy air pollution from coal burning to shorter lives in northern China.Researchers estimate that the half-billion people alive there in the 1990s will live an average of 5 years less than their southern counterparts because they breathed dirtier air.China itself made the comparison possible:for decades,a now-discontinued government policy provided free coal for heating,but only in the colder north.Researchers found significant differences in both particulate pollution of the air and life expectancy in the two regions.
While previous studies have found that pollution affects human health,"the deeper and
ultimately more important question is the impact on life expectancy,"said one of the researchers,Michael Greenstone,a professor of environmental economics at Massachusetts Institute of一Technology.
"This study provides a unique setting to answer the life expectancy question because the
(heating) policy dramatically changes pollution concentrations(含量),Greenstone said in an email."Further,due to the low rates of migration in China in this period,we can know people's exposure over long time periods,"he said.
The policy gave free coal for fuel boilers to heat homes and offices to cities north of the Huai Riv饥which divides China into north and south.It was in effect for much of the 1950-198,0 period of central planning,and,though discontinued after 1980,it has left a legacy(遗留Pl in the north of heavy coal burning,which releases particulate pollutants into the air that can harm human health.Researchers found no other government policies that treated China's north differently from the south.
The researchers collected data for 90cities,from 1981to 2000,on the annual daily average
concentration of total suspended(悬浮的)particulates.In China,those are considered to be particulates that are 100micrometers or less in diameter,sent out from sources including power stations,construction sites and vehicles.Among them,PM2.5is of especially great health concern because it can go deep into the lungs.
The researchers estimated the impact on life expectancies using death data from 1991-2000.They found that in the north,the concentration of particulates was 184micrograms per cubic meter一or 55percent higher than in the south,and life expectancies were 5.5years lower on average across all age ranges.
62.The main idea of this passage is thatA.
A.research in China finds air pollution shortened life expectancy
B.the government provided free coal for heating in North China
C.coal burning causes bad air quality across China
D.a new study finds different particulates in South China
63.According to Greenstone,Cgreatly contributed to the high pollution concentrations in North China.
A.power stations
B.construction sites
C.the free heating policy
D.gases from vehicles
64.It is implied in the passage thatB•
A.coal is no longer used for heating in North China
B.air quality was comparatively better in South China
C.southerners burned coals for heating in the 1980s
D.people preferred to live in South China after 1980
65.The underlined word"particulates"most probably meansC.
A.dirty clouds
B.particular smoke
C.harmful dust
D.dangerous bacteria.
分析 本文讲述的是一项研究.研究表明,中国北方由于政府实施的免费加热政策,使更多的颗粒状污染物排放入空气中,因此北方空气与南方空气相比污染较严重,且研究还表明空气污染会缩短人类的寿命.
解答 62.A.主旨大意题.根据文章第一句主旨句"A new study links heavy air pollution from coal burning to shorter lives in northern China"可知,一项新的研究表明中国东北空气污染严重,可见本文主要讲述的是这项研究,下文是对此研究的解释.根据后文"Researchers estimate that the half-billion people alive there in the 1990s will live an average of 5 years less than their southern counterparts because they breathed dirtier air"可知,研究人员根据研究发现空气污染缩短寿命.故选A.
63.C.细节理解题.根据文章"The policy gave free coal for fuel boilers to heat homes and offices to cities north of the Huai Riv which divides China into north and south…which releases particulate pollutants into the air that can harm human health."可知,政府当年实施的免费加热政策,使更多的颗粒状污染物排放入空气中,因而使中国的北部的空气污染加重.故选C.
64.B.推理判断题.根据文章"Researchers estimate that the half-billion people alive there in the 1990s will live an average of 5 years less than their southern counterparts because they breathed dirtier air"可知,研究人员把南方与北方居民比较,发现北方居民寿命没有南方居民高,而研究又发现北方的空气污染使之寿命减少,可推测,南方的空气质量较好.故选B.
65.C.词义猜测题.根据文章原句"They found that in the north,the concentration of particulates was 184micrograms per cubic meter一or 55percent higher than in the south"可知,在北方,particulates的浓度每平方米184毫克,比南方高出了55%.前文写北方的空气污染比南方高,可推测,particulates应该是指空气污染颗粒."harmful dust"是有害的灰尘,符合文意.故选C.
点评 本文是健康环保类阅读,考查学生的细节理解和推理判断能力.做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句,和题干进行比较,再做出正确选择.在做推理判断题时不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实,要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断.
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