13．Air pollution is a leading cause of cancer and classified among Group 1.or top.human carcinogens ——青夏教育精英家教网—

13．Air pollution is a leading cause of cancer and classified among Group 1，or top，human carcinogens （致癌物质），said the International Agency for Research on Cancer （IARC），which is the World Health Organization's （WHO） cancer agency，on Oct 17，2013．
The most widely used system for classifying carcinogens comes from the IARC，which places them into five groups．Group 1carcinogens definitely cause cancer in humans．Group 2A is probably carcinogenic to humans，Group 2B is possibly carcinogenic，the carcinogenicity of Group 3in humans is unclassifiable，and Group 4is probably not carcinogenic to humans．Only a little more than 100are classified as Group 1cancer-causing substances，including ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke．
"Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants，"the lARC's Dana Loomis said in a statement．"The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction：the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution．"
In 2010，lung cancer resulting from air pollution killed 223，000people worldwide，and there was also convincing evidence that it increases the risk of bladder （膀腕） cancer，according to the IARC．
Air pollution is already known to raise risks for a wide range of illnesses，including respiratory and heart diseases．
Air pollution is global，although the levels of it vary over space and time．
Loomis said people in Asia，eastern North America，some places in Central America and Mexico，as well as North Africa have relatively high exposure．Developing countries with large populations and booming manufacturing sectors，such as China，are particularly at risk．
Many cities in China，such as Beijing，frequently see smog．This week，Harbin，the capital city of Heilongjiang province，became the first Chinese city to officially suspend classes due to serious smog
Many developed countries face similar problems，although to a lesser degree than most developing nations．In Europe，levels of many pollutants have fallen．But between 91and 96percent of Europeans living in cities are exposed to levels of PM2.5-tiny particles with a diameter of less than 2.5micrometers-that are higher than the WHO safety limits，says a report published by the European Environment Agency on Oct 15．
Although both the composition and levels of air pollution can vary dramatically from one location to the other，the 1ARC said its conclusions apply to all regions of the world．
"Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide，this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay，"said Christopher Wild，director of the IARC．

59．What might be the best title of the passage？C
A．Signals of air pollution
B．Safety limits of air pollution
C．Air pollution，cancer risk
D．Air pollution，smog risk
60．What's the main task of IARC？B
A．To focus on cancer-causing substances．
B．To evaluate the air quality．
C．To study the developing risk of cancer．
D．To send signals to the international community．
61．Why should the international community take action without further delay？D
A．The composition and levels of air pollution vary from place to place．
B．More and more people in developing countries are exposed to air pollution．
C．Developed countries face air pollution，the level of which is higher than the safety limits．
D．A large number of people worldwide are exposed to air pollution．

12．Dear David，
I'm glad you would like to share your feelings with me．It's hardly surprising that your feelings of not being"grown up"have come on strongly at this point in your life，just before you're about to become a father．You are asking：Will I make a good father？How will I cope？I think nearly every man must have the occasional feelings of self-doubt and inadequacy before the birth．
It's difficult，honestly，to feel grown-up unless you have something less grown-up to relate to．The boss with a hen-pecking wife may feel like a seven-year-old when he's at home．But as he walks through the office door，and knows he's going to be surrounded by staff for advice，he grows into a fully mature man．And I think it's a mistake to imagine that we all feel，as we age，a kind of progress of states，from the baby to the adult．Most people feel，on Tuesday，about three years old，and on a Wednesday，around 80．
There's a common remark that"all men are little boys"，but it's not true．It's more true that men often behave like little boys．But nearly all people，at some moments in their lives，are able to be greatly mature．．Once your baby arrives，you'll soon feel less childlike．When your child tries to put its fingers into the electric plug，the adult in you will rise up to prevent it．
Comfort yourself，David，with two truths．One is that your friends laugh when they talk about this subject because they，like you，feel frightened．And remember that people who haven't grown up don't go around talking about the fact．
    Good luck to you and your little one．
Sincerely Yours，
Miss Advice 28．According to the passage，Miss Advice thinks David's self-doubtC．
A．valuable
B．unusual
C．natural
D．bearable
29．From Paragraph 2，we can learn that people's sense of maturityC
A．will increase with age
B．is obviously seen at home
C．changes with different situations
D．becomes stronger with familiar people
30．Miss Advice holds thatC．
A．all men behave like little boys
B．people tend to laugh at the subject
C．men with a baby feel more grown-up
D．people enjoy talking about their immaturity
31．Miss Advice wrote the letter toA．
A．offer suggestions to a future father
B．teach people how to grow up
C．encourage people to be responsible
D．solve problems of the less grown-up．

11．Going on holiday not only makes you feel good while you're there，you also gain the health benefits for months，new research shows．
Jetting off to destinations such as the Maldives cuts your blood pressure，helps you sleep better and bounce back from stress，it found．The benefits last at least a fortnight longer than the vacation and can be felt for months in some cases where it is claimed．Experts say workers should always take their full holiday entitlement（权利）each year，but as many as one in three don't．
The study compared key health markers in holidaymakers visiting Thailand，Peru or the Maldives，with people who stayed at home and continued working．The average blood pressure of those on holiday dropped by six percent while the workers saw their blood pressure rise by two percent over the same period．The sleep quality of holidaymakers improved by 17 percent while that of the non-holidaymakers deteriorated by 14 percent．
The study also found the ability of vacationers to recover from stress，known as the stress-resilience test improved by 29 percent．There was a 71 percent fall in stress resilience scores among workers．Tests showed a fall in blood glucose levels，reducing the risk of diabetes （糖尿病），trimmer waistlines and improved mood and energy levels，with the effects sustained for at least two weeks after returning home．
The Holiday Health Experiment was conducted by tour operator Kuoni and Nuffield Health，the UK's largest healthcare charity．
21．According to the passage，how many people go on holiday？A
A．Two thirds． B．One third．
C．17 percent． D．A quarter．
22．Which of the following can we infer from the passage？D
A．The further you go，the better you get the benefits．
B．Most people like to stay at home during the holiday．
C．The result of the study is mostly based on the description from the people involved．
D．Holiday makers are more adaptable than non-holidaymakers．
23．The author intends to tell us thatC
A．we have to go on holiday as much as possible
B．you'll certainly get depressed if you don't go on holiday
C．we had better go on holiday for the benefits of health
D．it is best to go to foreign countries like Maldives
24．The best title of the passage isB．
A．A Holiday Health Experiment
B．Health Benefits from Holiday
C．Health Problems of Having Holiday
D．Key Health Markers in Holidaymakers．

10．Many people focus on physical fitness，but few know that brain fitness is also something you can work on．In fact，you can exercise your brain as often as you work out your arms or abs--and the results can be positive and empowering．It's helpful to think of your brain as you work out a muscle．To improve your brain，you can't simply repeat the same exercises over and over．Just as lifting a two pound weight will no longer challenge you，so will repetitive exercises such as crosswords or Sudoku．Once you master easy exercises，you must move on to harder ones in order to push your brain-like your muscles-to a new level．
Scientists once believed that your mental abilities were fixed in adulthood．Now that studies on neuroplasticity have shown just the opposite，millions of people around the world have adopted the new practice of brain training．
The most popular of these brain training products is made by the San Francisco-based Lumosity，which employs a team of in-house neuroscientists with degrees from Stanford and UC Berkeley．Realizing that brains need more sophisticated programs and guidance to grow and change，Lumosity's scientists work with an experienced team of game designers．Together they've developed a fun，effective online brain training program that measures，tracks，and adapts to your progress so you'll always be challenged．Lumosity's training system and 40+games are based on well-studied tests used in clinical neuropsychology research．
In a 2013 Stanford study，a treatment group of 21 breast cancer survivors used 12 weeks of Lumosity training to work on processing speed，mental flexibility，and working memory tasks．On average，those who trained improved on tests of these abilities，compared to a group that did not train with Lumosity．There is even some first round evidence suggesting that Lumosity may be beneficial to normal，healthy adults．In a 2011 study by Lumosity and San Francisco State University researchers，13 people who did Lumosity training over 5 weeks improved on tests of brain performance compared to a group that did not train．On average，those who trained improved working memory scores by 10% and attention scores by 20%．
Training can take just a few minutes a day，but the rewards can make a difference in many aspects of life．The goal of brain training is not to improve game scores：it's to improve the underlying core abilities that those games rely on．Lumosity is one of the first and most popular brain training programs in existence．There's a small fee to use the full product，or new users can start a free trial．
66．What is the best title for the passage？A
A．Brain training can make a difference
B．Brain training-a new science．
C．Brain training can keep you fit
D．Brain training-an open online course．
67．In order to improve our brain，we canB．
A．do the same exercises day after day
B．challenge it with harder exercises day by day
C．work out crosswords every day
D．adapt to physical change
68．According to the passage，what is Lumosity？C
A．It is a team of in-house neuroscientists
B．It is a team of experienced game designers．
C．It is an online brain training program
D．It is a clinical brain training research．
69．In Paragraph 4，the writer gives so many figures toD．
A．explain the cause of Lumosity
B．clarify the principle of Lumosity
C．confirm the process of Lumosity
D．show the effect of Lumosity
70．It seems to us that the passage is exactlyA．
A．an ad．B．a survey．C．a questionnaire．D．a quiz．

9．The World Health Organization says there has been a sharp increase in the number of over-weight children in developing countries．In African countries，the WHO says the number of over-weight or obese children is twice as high as it was 20 years ago．Around the world，about 43 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2013．
   Overweight and obese children are more likely to become overweight and obese adults．The
condition can generate serious health problems like heart diseases．
     Francesco Branca is the director of the WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development．He says urban lifestyle makes people eat processed food more often，which has a high sugar，fat and salt content．He also says people are gaining weight because of their lack of activities．They travel in cars or other vehicles more than on foot．
     The WHO experts say to lower obesity rates is especially complex in countries that also deal with high rates of infectious（感染性的） diseases．
     The WHO has some basic solutions for individuals and countries．The organization says you should lower your intake of fat，sugar，salt and processed food and eat more fruits，'vegetables and increase physical activity．The WHO says these actions are especially important for children．
     And WHO expert Branca says mothers should breastfeed their babies for at least the first six months of life，if possible．More importantly，governments should consider providing vitamins for children and educational campaigns about problems linked to obesity would also help．In his view，government policies should deal with how food is marketed to children and food producers must balance quality and taste with the dangers of sugar，fat and salt．"Reducing the number of overweight children will not be easy．The goal is difficult to meet even in wealthy countries．"he adds．
51．What is the main idea of Paragraph l？B
A．Children in developing countries generally weigh too much．
B．Overweight children in developing countries have increased greatly．
C．The number of overweight children in the world has doubled．
D．The World Health Organization has increased greatly．
52．According to Branca，people are becoming overweight because of their changes inA
A．lifestyles                     B．transportation
C．physical condition             D．school educational．
53．Which of the following word can best replace the underlined word in Paragraph 2？D
A．cure         B．prevent       C．worsen        D．cause
54．According to WHO，which of the following is true？C
A．Poor nutrition is often related to children obesity．
B．To lower infectious disease rates is more complex than to lower obesity rates．
C．Eating less sugar and more vegetables helps lower obesity rates．
D．Increasing physical activity is most effective to lower obesity rates．
55．What can we learn from the last Paragraph？B
A．Babies breastfed aren't likely to become overweight．
B．Governments should play a necessary role in fighting obesity．
C．Food producers should be stopped from marketing，food to children．
D．The number of overweight children decreases easily in wealthy countries．

8．Chicago is considering firm measures to prevent the Asian carp，a giant fish native to the Far East，from coming into North America's Great Lakes in large numbers．Such a move could cost up to$18bn，a heavy economic burden to the city．
This species，more than a metre in length，was originally introduced to southern US states three decades ago to control weeds in sewage（污水）treatment plants．But they escaped into the Mississippi River and increased in number quickly，making their way north towards the Great Lakes and threatening the native fish species along the way．
"Dozens of them will often leap out of the water as boats approach．''Michael Beecham，a local environmental expert，described how frightening the scene was．"I've gone down the river and seen these fish jump up and hit me in the face．It is a big problem for our native species，"he said．
A meeting has been organized to find a technological solution to the carp problem，one of which involves blocking parts of Chicago's canal system．Listening at the meeting was John Goss，who was worried about the effect that having barriers in the canal system would have on industry．"It would certainly increase the cost of transportation，"he told．"It is currently very cheap and efficient to bring materials and finished goods down the Chicago ship canal．"
Another cheaper option is to eat the fish out of existence．Dirk Fucik is selling carp burger（鲤鱼汉堡包）at his fish shop not far from downtown Chicago．He thinks the carps are a great resource．"To catch it and throw it away is a waste，"he says．"Eating them helps solve the problem and also provides jobs．"But the idea has not yet caught on．So far，he is the only person in Chicago selling carp burgers．

61．From the passage we can see the Asian carpA
A．is very adaptable to the new environment
B．has made the Great Lake their home
C．is becoming a new food in restaurants
D．becomes even more fierce than before
62．According to Michael Beecham，the Asian carpC
A．jumps out of the water to eat weeds
B．always attacks people if disturbed
C．is a big threat to the local species
D．forms a beautiful scene on the river
63．In John Goss's point of view，the building of barriersB
A．can force the Asian carp out of the Great Lakes
B．may lead to the increasing cost of industrial products
C．will help the canal system work more efficiently
D．will bring high profits to the related companies
64．What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage？B
A．The Americans have included the Asian carp in their food list．
B．Dirk Fucik is a pioneer in selling carp burgers in Chicago．
C．Catching Asian carps has created many jobs in America．
D．Throwing away the caught fish is a waste of the resources．
65．What's the best title of the passage？D
A．The Great Lakes，new home for Asian Carps
B．The Asian carp escapes from the Great Lakes
C．Possible ways to handle non-native species
D．Chicago goes to war with Asian carps．

7．Climate change could affect food supplies，water resources，human health and homes．
If greenhouse gas emissions keep increasing at the current rate，global temperature is expected to rise between 2°C and 6°C by 2100．This doesn't sound much，but a 5°C change is the difference between the current warm period and an ice age．
Global warming leads to other changes in the climate：melting ice，more evaporation（蒸发），changes in geographical patterns of rainfall，heavier downpours separated by longer dry spells，more frequent heat waves，more intense hurricanes，and sea level rise．
These changes could affect crop growth as drought，increased evaporation and shrinking glaciers（冰川）disrupt water supply．Some crops could suffer heat stress．While there may be benefits in some regions，overall climate change is likely to have a negative impact on global food supplies．The impacts of climate change on agriculture will vary widely around the world．A global temperature rise of 1-2°C is expected to increase food production in some regions，particularly mid-latitude areas．But in tropical regions even a small amount of warming could reduce crop yields．A temperature rise of 3°C or more could threaten global food resources，as all regions are likely to experience negative impacts overall．
Freshwater resources could also diminish，especially in tropical regions，as rain patterns change and evaporation speeds up．Some communities could lose essential melt water as glaciers disappear，while more intense rainfall and hurricanes could cause more flooding，leading to water pollution and bacterial diseases such as cholera（霍乱）becoming more widespread．
Climate change could lead to a variety of health impacts-both positive and negative．On the negative side，scientists anticipate more cases of malnutrition，heatstroke and waterborne diseases such as cholera．Although some populations will benefit from a reduced risk of cold-related illnesses such as hypothermia，overall a warming world is likely to have negative effects on human health．
Scientists also expect damage to homes and buildings from more intense hurricanes，heavier rainfall and rising sea levels．Climate change is likely to affect infrastructure by increasing the risk of both coastal and inland flooding around the world，owing to a combination of heavier rainfall，rising sea levels and increased storm damage．Homes and buildings could also be affected by the thawing of frozen ground and greater risk of forest fires．
The consequences of climate change will have an impact on people around the world．

67．With global temperature increased by 1-2°C，D．
A．crops yields could be increased in tropical regions
B．food production could rise throughout the world
C．chances are that food resources would be threatened overall
D．mid-latitude areas are likely to experience positive impacts
68．The underlined word"hypothermia"in Paragraph 6 possibly means a serious medical condition caused byA．
A．lower temperature than normal
B．higher temperature than normal
C．more cases of malnutrition
D．cases of waterborne diseases
69．According to the passage，climate change has both positive and negative effects onC．
A．food supplies and buildings
B．freshwater resources and homes
C．human health and food supplies
D．human health and homes
70．The passage is mainly meant to tell usB．
A．how global warming leads to changes in the climate
B．how climate change affects people worldwide
C．why climate change affects our crop growth
D．why climate change contributes to all bad results．

6．Nuclear power's danger to health，safety，and even life itself can be summed up in one word：radiation．
Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it，partly because it cannot be detected by human senses．It can't be seen or heard，or touched or tasted，even though it may be all around us．There are other things like that．For example，radio waves are all around us but we can't detect them，sense them，without a radio receiver．Similarly，we can't sense radioactivity without a radiation detector．But unlike common radio waves，nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things．
At very high levels，radiation can kill an animal or human being immediately by killing masses of cells in vital organs．But even the lowest levels can do serious damage．There is no level of radiation that is completely safe．If the radiation does not hit anything important，the damage may not be serious．This is the case when only a few cells are hit，and if they are killed immediately，your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones．But if the few cells are only damaged，and if they reproduce themselves，you may be in trouble．They can grow into cancer．Sometimes this does not show up for many years．
This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation．Serious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred．A person can be irradiated（辐射）and feel fine．then die for cancer five，ten，or twenty years later as a result．Or a child can be born weak as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents．
Radiation can hurt us．We must know the truth．

51．What is the most dangerous factor of nuclear power？C
A．Amount B．Quantity C．Radiation D．Place
52．Which of the following statements is TRUE？B
A．Nuclear radiation can do little harm to human beings．
B．Nuclear radiation can do harm to human beings．
C．Nuclear radiation can be detected by human senses．
D．Nuclear radiation is just like common radio waves．
53．How can nuclear radiation kill an animal？D
A．By damaging its heart．
B．By killing a few cells in its body．
C．By hitting any place in its body．
D．By killing many cells in important organs．
54．Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery becauseA．
A．it can do harm to a person while the victim doesn't know
B．human beings learn its harmfulness
C．nuclear radiation can kill a person very easily
D．human beings have no effective machine to detect nuclear radiation
55．If a human being is hit by nuclear radiation，he mayD．
A．die of cancer after many years
B．die immediately
C．have a child who may be born weak
D．all of the above．

5．

1．Exercise
Studies show that 30minutes of mild exercise a day will increase your life span．This doesn't mean you have to run three miles or start jumping．Simple activities such as walking，gardening or taking exercise classes will work．
2．Enjoy people
Contacts with family and friends help fight life-sapping depression and stress．Studies show that people socialize regularly live longer than loners．Interact daily with family members and friends．If you are isolated，make a point of joining social clubs or church groups so you can laugh and share life's joys．
3．Stay mentally active
This is very important-use it or lose it!People who allow their mental faculties to decline run the risk of shortening their lives through falls and other injuries，and not being able to take care of themselves．Read the newspaper，visit the public library，balance your checkbook without a calculator，and exercise your brain by doing crossword puzzle．
4．Diet
The key words are"high-fiber，low-fat"．Cut back on red meat，salt，white flour，white sugar，alcohol and coffee．Start eating a balanced diet including lots of fruit，grains，raw vegetables and nuts．
5．Positive attitude
By approaching life with a positive outlook you increase your chances of living longer．Stay optimistic-always search for the silver lining．Studies show people who see life as an enjoyable challenge，rather than a constant trial，cope better and prolong their life spans．
6．medication mix
As we age，we are more likely to take medications．Sometimes this leads to over-medication，which can be disabling and even deadly．Ask your doctor if the drugs you take are really necessary．Make sure there is no danger of a bad drug interaction from your medication．Used correctly，medicines can help you live longer and more comfortably．
7．Volunteer
Helping others increases your self-esteem and makes you feel like a valuable contributor．

66．Which of the following does NOT increase your life span？B
A．Staying happy about life                    B．Exercising as much as possible
C．Exercising your brain frequently             D．Enjoying your social life
67．People who do not stay mentally active are more likely toC．
A．become ignorant                            B．lose their minds
C．shorten their lives                         D．become slow in movement
68．The underlined phrase silver lining can be replaced withC．
A．something made of silver                   B．new information
C．good aspects                               D．long life span
69．Which of the following is correct about medication？A
A．Appropriate medication is necessary．
B．Medication is always helpful to you．
C．Doctors suggest taking expensive medicines．
D．Drugs are unnecessary because of side-effects．

4．Among all the fast growing science and technology，the research of human genes，or biological engineering as people call it，is drawing more and more attention now．Sometimes it is a hot topic discussed by people．
The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with，such as cancer and heart disease．Every year，millions of people are murdered by these two killers．And to date，doctors have not found an effective way to cure them．But if the gene technology is applied，not only these two diseases can be cured completely，bringing happiness and more living days to the patients，but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved，therefore it benefits the economy as well．In addition，human life span（寿命） can be prolonged．
Gene technology can help people to give birth to healthy and clever children．Some families，with the English imperial family being a good example，have hereditary（遗传的） diseases．This means their children will for sure have the family disease，which is a great trouble for these families．In the past，doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases．But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly．The scientist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it，and a healthy child will be born．
Some people are worrying that the gene research can be used to manufacture human beings in large quantities．In the past few years，scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep，therefore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned．But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities，for most couples in the world can have babies in very normal way．Of course，the government must take care to control gene technology．

66．What does"these two killers"in the second paragraph refer to？C
A．Gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases．
B．The two murderers who killed the cloned baby．
C．The two diseases of cancer and heart disease．
D．Hereditary diseases and cancer．
67．What's the main idea of the third paragraph？A
A．How gene technology can be applied in the field of treating hereditary diseases．
B．Gene technology can be used to clone human babies．
C．Gene technology can help people to give birth to a baby．
D．Gene technology can help the English imperial family out．
68．In what way gene technology can help to treat hereditary diseases？B
A．Using gene technology，people with hereditary diseases can have more living days．
B．Using gene technology，the scientist finds the wrong gene and corrects it．
C．Using gene technology，human babies can be cloned．
D．Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of gene technology．
69．What is the main purpose of writing this passage？A
A．Expressing the writer's idea that gene technology will benefit people．
B．Telling people the disadvantages of gene technology．
C．Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit people．
D．Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the humanity．

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