题目内容

13．Air pollution is a leading cause of cancer and classified among Group 1，or top，human carcinogens （致癌物质），said the International Agency for Research on Cancer （IARC），which is the World Health Organization's （WHO） cancer agency，on Oct 17，2013．
The most widely used system for classifying carcinogens comes from the IARC，which places them into five groups．Group 1carcinogens definitely cause cancer in humans．Group 2A is probably carcinogenic to humans，Group 2B is possibly carcinogenic，the carcinogenicity of Group 3in humans is unclassifiable，and Group 4is probably not carcinogenic to humans．Only a little more than 100are classified as Group 1cancer-causing substances，including ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke．
"Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants，"the lARC's Dana Loomis said in a statement．"The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction：the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution．"
In 2010，lung cancer resulting from air pollution killed 223，000people worldwide，and there was also convincing evidence that it increases the risk of bladder （膀腕） cancer，according to the IARC．
Air pollution is already known to raise risks for a wide range of illnesses，including respiratory and heart diseases．
Air pollution is global，although the levels of it vary over space and time．
Loomis said people in Asia，eastern North America，some places in Central America and Mexico，as well as North Africa have relatively high exposure．Developing countries with large populations and booming manufacturing sectors，such as China，are particularly at risk．
Many cities in China，such as Beijing，frequently see smog．This week，Harbin，the capital city of Heilongjiang province，became the first Chinese city to officially suspend classes due to serious smog
Many developed countries face similar problems，although to a lesser degree than most developing nations．In Europe，levels of many pollutants have fallen．But between 91and 96percent of Europeans living in cities are exposed to levels of PM2.5-tiny particles with a diameter of less than 2.5micrometers-that are higher than the WHO safety limits，says a report published by the European Environment Agency on Oct 15．
Although both the composition and levels of air pollution can vary dramatically from one location to the other，the 1ARC said its conclusions apply to all regions of the world．
"Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide，this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay，"said Christopher Wild，director of the IARC．

59．What might be the best title of the passage？C
A．Signals of air pollution
B．Safety limits of air pollution
C．Air pollution，cancer risk
D．Air pollution，smog risk
60．What's the main task of IARC？B
A．To focus on cancer-causing substances．
B．To evaluate the air quality．
C．To study the developing risk of cancer．
D．To send signals to the international community．
61．Why should the international community take action without further delay？D
A．The composition and levels of air pollution vary from place to place．
B．More and more people in developing countries are exposed to air pollution．
C．Developed countries face air pollution，the level of which is higher than the safety limits．
D．A large number of people worldwide are exposed to air pollution．

分析 本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了空气污染会造成癌症的危险，评估空气质量的 IARC数据显示，全世界的人们不同程度的受到空气污染的影响，因此呼吁国际社会应该立即采取行动．

解答 59．C．推理判断题．根据文章第一段"Air pollution is a leading cause of cancer and classified among Group 1，or top，human carcinogens"可知文章讲的是空气污染会造成癌症的危险；故选C．
60．B．细节理解题．根据文章第三段"Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants"，可知 IARC的主要目的是评估空气质量；故选B．
61．D．细节理解题．根据文章最后一段"Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide，this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay"，可知国际社会应该立即采取行动，因为全世界很多人受到空气污染的影响；故选D．

点评 考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确的选择．在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．

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11．What would you do to reduce the chance of dying of cancer？How far would you go if you had a 70to 90percent chance of contracting bowel--and your uncle，mother，father，and two of your brothers had died from it？
Lynne Fisher decided she would do almost anything．So，even though she showed no signs of cancer at all，Fisher，51，a former mental health worker，agreed to undergo what might sound like a radical surgery：doctors removed nearly her whole colon（结肠） and rerouted her small intestine（肠） to perform the functions of her large intestine．
The side effects were horrific，she said．For a year，Fisher struggled to control her bowel movements．She fought depression，and she hated her large scars and the 28staples that had been left in her body．Her Multiple Sclerosis returned．The woman she shared a hospital room with--who'd had a similar surgery--did not survive．
"When you're in it，it's like a dark tunnel，"she told ABC News in a long phone conversation about her medical history．
But then，one day，she realized the surgery had helped saved her life．And since then，she's never looked back．
"What's a year out of your life compared to dying？"  the 51-year-old said from her home in central England．"I get to watch my dogs grow up，my children grow up，my grandchild，I get to see my cherry blossoms in the tree，I get to see the sun shining in the morning，I get to go on holiday--I get to see life．"
Genes that cause breast cancer have been discussed widely for years．But less well known is Lynch syndrome，the gene mutation that Fisher and her much of her family inherited．
Roughly one in 370people has Lynch syndrome，according to Lynch Syndrome International，an organization dedicated to helping people with Lynch syndrome and those who treat them．It's unclear how many Americans choose to have the surgery that Fisher had：prophylactic subtotal colectomy，which doctors describe as a major surgery that，while elective，can often save lives．

36．Why did Lynne Fisher decide to remove nearly her whole colon？C
A．Because she has already had a cancer．
B．Because she thought the colon was useless．
C．Because she was afraid of dying of bowel cancer someday．
D．Because her doctor persuaded her to do that．
37．According to the passage，what is NOT true about the surgery undergone by Lynne Fisher？A
A．It is only a very simple and easy surgery．
B．It can bring about some terrible side effects．
C．It's possible for one to die of the surgery．
D．It takes one maybe a year to recover from the surgery．
38．What can we learn from the underlined sentence？C
A．Lynne Fisher really regretted what she had done．
B．Lynne Fisher thought it was not worth a year to have the surgery．
C．Compared to death，the suffering during the year was worthwhile．
D．Lynne Fisher spent a painful year in recovering from the surgery．
39．What can we learn from the last paragraph？A
A．About 0.27% people have Lynch syndrome now in America．
B．We can tell exactly how many people have had the surgery．
C．Lynch Syndrome International helps people with Lynch syndrome only．
D．People with Lynch syndrome will be forced to have the surgery．
40．The main purpose of the passage is toD．
A．persuade people with Lynch syndrome to have a surgery
B．introduce Lynne Fisher and the disease she developed
C．tell us something about the Lynch syndrome and its effect on our health
D．introduce Lynch syndrome to us and tell us that a surgery can save lives．
12．Encourage your children to try new things，but try not to      them too hard．（　　）
A．drawB．strikeC．rushD．push
1．The hit movie Finding Nemo follows a clownfish from the Great Barrier Reef． In real life，clownfish are among the thousands of colorful sea creatures that call the Great Barrier Reef home．Stretching l，250 miles along Australia's northeastern． coast，the Great Barrier Reef is the longest coral reef in the world．
    A coral reef is a living underwater structure． But these days，the Great Barrier Reef has found itself in trouble．Overfishing，pollution，and high temperatures are harming its health． That's why the government in Australia is trying to help rescue the reef．
Underwater Garden
   While coral may look like a plant，it is actually made up of tiny sea animal．Those sea animals are called coral polyps． 
   As polyps die，they leave hard．shells behind． Other polyps grow on top of the shells．Over thousands of years，they form a coral reef in warm water that is not very deep．
   In many ways，the Great Barrier Reef resembles an underwater garden．  Coral can be hard or soft．It forms in different colors and in strange shapes．Some coral looks like hardened brains． Other coral looks like fans and lettuces．
  The reef bursts with schools of tropical fish，dashing among gaps in the coral．The reef supplies food． and． shelter to creatures living in and around the coral．  Turtles，sharks，sea horses，and crabs are among its many inhabitants．
Helping Humans
     While the reef is important to ocean life，it helps humans，too．  People rely on the reef for both food and jobs． It also provides medicine used to treat disease．  Each year，the Great Barrier Reef contributes about  $ 975 million to the economy through tourism and fishing．
Stressed Out   
    Is it surprising，then，that the Great Barrier Reef is under too much stress？Fishing nets and ships break off sections and damage the reef．  Air and water pollution are also doing harm． At the same time，warmer sea temperatures have caused coral bleaching（漂白） on half of the reef． The high temperatures cause the coral to turn white，often killing it．
Reef Rescue
    In an effort to help save the reef，the government has limited fishing to two thirds of it． That plan increases the number of"green zones．"Those are areas that are off-limits to fishermen and boats． However，tourists and researchers can still visit them． Many fishermen are upset about the plan because they rely on the reef for jobs．
     The Australian government says that its plan will help keep the reef safe from some threats．"It is very important that we give   B reef proper protection for the future，"said one government official．  The reef is Australia's greatest natural treasure．

35．Which of the following is not a creature that lives in the Great Barrier Reef？D
A．  Coral polyps． 
B． Turtles．       
C．  Sea horses．  
D． Whales．
36． Which section describes the problem in this passage？C
A．"Underwater Garden"
B．"Helping Humans
C．"Stressed Out"
D．"Reef Rescue"
37．What picture can the reader get from the underlined sentence"The reef bursts with schools of tropical fish，dashing among gaps in the coral．"in Paragraph 6？C
A． Many fish quickly moving through the coral．
B．  Fish moving toward the center，or target，of the coral．
C．  Structured，orderly groups of young fish without a clear path． 
D． Fish exploding when they come into contact with gaps in the coral．
38．What is this passage mostly about？A
A． The causes of reef problems an  possible solutions．
B． Coral bleaching，which causes the reef to turn white．
C． The history of tourism to the Great Barrier Reef．
D． Overfishing and higher temperatures．
8．Chicago is considering firm measures to prevent the Asian carp，a giant fish native to the Far East，from coming into North America's Great Lakes in large numbers．Such a move could cost up to$18bn，a heavy economic burden to the city．
This species，more than a metre in length，was originally introduced to southern US states three decades ago to control weeds in sewage（污水）treatment plants．But they escaped into the Mississippi River and increased in number quickly，making their way north towards the Great Lakes and threatening the native fish species along the way．
"Dozens of them will often leap out of the water as boats approach．''Michael Beecham，a local environmental expert，described how frightening the scene was．"I've gone down the river and seen these fish jump up and hit me in the face．It is a big problem for our native species，"he said．
A meeting has been organized to find a technological solution to the carp problem，one of which involves blocking parts of Chicago's canal system．Listening at the meeting was John Goss，who was worried about the effect that having barriers in the canal system would have on industry．"It would certainly increase the cost of transportation，"he told．"It is currently very cheap and efficient to bring materials and finished goods down the Chicago ship canal．"
Another cheaper option is to eat the fish out of existence．Dirk Fucik is selling carp burger（鲤鱼汉堡包）at his fish shop not far from downtown Chicago．He thinks the carps are a great resource．"To catch it and throw it away is a waste，"he says．"Eating them helps solve the problem and also provides jobs．"But the idea has not yet caught on．So far，he is the only person in Chicago selling carp burgers．

61．From the passage we can see the Asian carpA  
A．is very adaptable to the new environment
B．has made the Great Lake their home
C．is becoming a new food in restaurants
D．becomes even more fierce than before
62．According to Michael Beecham，the Asian carpC 
A．jumps out of the water to eat weeds
B．always attacks people if disturbed
C．is a big threat to the local species
D．forms a beautiful scene on the river
63．In John Goss's point of view，the building of barriersB
A．can force the Asian carp out of the Great Lakes
B．may lead to the increasing cost of industrial products
C．will help the canal system work more efficiently
D．will bring high profits to the related companies
64．What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage？B
A．The Americans have included the Asian carp in their food list．
B．Dirk Fucik is a pioneer in selling carp burgers in Chicago．
C．Catching Asian carps has created many jobs in America．
D．Throwing away the caught fish is a waste of the resources．
65．What's the best title of the passage？D
A．The Great Lakes，new home for Asian Carps
B．The Asian carp escapes from the Great Lakes
C．Possible ways to handle non-native species
D．Chicago goes to war with Asian carps．
18．Losing weight comes with a lot of health benefits-including making your brain sharper．
Yes，it turns out that overweight may damage cognitive functions such as memory and attention．There have been few studies of overweight and cognitive functioning，possibly because it is generally believed that it is not a primary risk cause for poor cognitive performance．Losing weight，therefore，may help improve these mental functions，according to a new research led by John Gunstad，assistant professor of psychology at Kent State University．
Growing evidence suggests that being fat is linked to cognitive deficits（缺陷）．So Gunstad and his team guessed that losing weight might improve mental function．For their study，they measured memory and attention in a group of l 50overweight participants，some of whom had some kind of operation for weight loss and some did not．All of the volunteers completed mental skills tests to assess their abilities of memory and attention at the beginning of the study，and again 12weeks later．To begin with．about 24%of the patients showed damaged learning and 23%showed signs of poor memory when tested．At the end of the study，those who had lost weight after operation improved their scores into the average or above average range for cognitive functions．Scores for the volunteers who didn't lose weight dropped even further．
The study helped Gunstad to find out whether losing weight had any effect on mental function．Now that he's seen the positive effect that weight loss can have on memory and attention，he says he will next study those who choose to lose weight by the traditional way-eating healthier and getting more active．He expects that losing weight in this way will have a similarly positive effect on the brain．"If we can improve the condition with operations，then we can probably produce the same change with behavioral weight loss as well，''he says．

63．There is less research on overweight and cognitive functions because researchersC
A．believe overweight only affects our body
B．have focused on ways to sharpen people's mind
C．do not consider overweight a main cause for low cognitive ability
D．are clear about the relation between weight and mental functions
64．The result of Gunstad's study shows thatB
A．losing weight has little effect on people's memory
B．losing weight can improve people's mental functions
C．overweight people are likely to have psychology problems
D．overweight people's abilities of concentration differ greatly
65．What is Gunstad planning to prove next in his research？D
A．Slim people are smarter than overweight people．
B．Healthy diet is better than exercise in losing weight．
C．Traditional ways of losing weight are better than operation
D．Overweight people will get smarter by taking more exercise．
66．Which of the following is the best title for the text？D
A．Body Weight and Health              B．Losing Weight by Operation
C．Ways to Improve Mental Functions    D．Losing Weight to Sharpen Your Mind．
5．---How can my daughter develop her interest in literature？
---You should _______ her to classical literary works．（　　）
A．devoteB．applyC．exposeD．recommend
4．Some people have travelled to Canada while others may have just heard of it．As is known to all，the Canadian red and white mildly leaf flag is officially called The National Flag of Canada．The Canadian flag shows a stylized red maple leaf with 11points on a white background，with red borders down each side．The Canadian flag is twice as long as its width．The white square containing the red maple leaf is the same width as the flag．Canada is a very large country，too．It is the second largest country in the world．By contrast，it has a very small population．There are only about 29million people there．Most Canadians are of British or French origin，and French is an official language as well as English．About 45% of the people are of British origin，that is，they or their parents or grandparents，etc．come from Britain．Nearly 30% are of French origin．Most of the French-Canadians live in the province of Quebec．Over the years，people have come to live in Canada from many countries in the world．They are mostly from European countries and also from China，as well as other Asian countries．
However，Canada was not an empty country when the Europeans began to arrive．Canadian-Indian lived along the coast，by the rivers and lakes and in forests．Today there are only 350 000Canadian-Indians in the whole country，with their own language．In the far north live the Inuits．There are only 27 000Canadian-Inuits．Their life is hard in such a harsh climate．

21．What is the population of Quebec？B
A．More than 29，000，000people．
B．About 30% of the total population．
C．Over 45% of the total population．
D．Less than 30% of the French-Canadians．
22．Which of the following stands for Canada？A
23．Which of the following is TRUE according to this passage？C
A．The Canadian flag is twice as wide as its length．
B．Most Indians are now forced to live along the coast．
C．Nowadays Inuits still have difficult living conditions．
D．Nobody existed when the Europeans began to arrive in Canada．
14．Why is it so difficult to fall asleep when you are overtired？There is no one answer that applies to every individual．But many people fail to note the difference between fatigue，physical tiredness and sleepiness，the inability to stay awake．It's possible to feel"tired"physically and still be unable to fall asleep，because while your body may be exhausted，you don't feel sleepy．To fall asleep，you need enough time to relax，even if you feel fatigued．It's not so easy to simply"turn off"．According to Carl E．Hunt，director of the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research in Bethesda，Maryland，most people do not allow themselves relaxed．
Lack of sleep complicates matters even more．Experts say adults need at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep a night to function properly．When you get less sleep than that on consecutive （连续） nights，you begin to be burdened by"sleep debt"．As sleep debt increases （and functionality decreases），your body experiences a stress response and begins to release adrenaline （肾上腺素）．Now a bad cycle has been created：You experience the feeling of being more and more tired，but your body is increasingly stimulated．"Power sleeping"for more hours on weekends is only a temporary solution．"There is no substitute for getting a good night's sleep on a regular basis，"says Hunt．
Most of us，however，don't get the sleep we need．According to the 2002 National Sleep Foundation，Americans sleep an average of 6.9 hours per night during the week，and 58 percent of adults experience sleeplessness a few nights a week or more．

33．The writer intends to tell usD．
A．Americans don't get enough sleep
B．what benefits we can get from enough sleep   
C．lack of sleep has a bad effect on our body  
D．why it's difficult for overtired people to fall asleep  
34．Which of the following is NOT caused by lack of sleep？C
A．Power sleeping．                        
B．Sleep debt．
C．Lack of adrenaline．                    
D．Function badly．
35．From the passage we can draw a conclusion that lack of sleepD．
A．is so common that it isn't worth paying attention to
B．doesn't matter for it can be solved by"Power sleeping
C．can make it easy to fall asleep when one is overtired
D．may make it difficult to fall asleep when one is overtired．

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