11．You may not know it but on our biosphere -Earth-there is also a relatively unknown world hiding i——青夏教育精英家教网—

11．You may not know it but on our biosphere （生物圈）-Earth-there is also a relatively unknown world hiding in plain sight．It is made up of microbes （微生物） that live on floating pieces of plastic floating on the ocean．
This"Plastisphere"of microbial organism living on ocean plastic was first discovered last year and it is now getting studied．When researchers first examined the Plastisphere，they found at least 1，000different types of microbes living on the tiny plastic islands，and worried that they might cause a risk to larger animals and humans．They also found that the Plastisphere's microbes included bacteria known to cause diseases in animals and humans．Since then，researchers have been trying to figure out why these potentially dangerous bacteria live on the Plastisphere，how they gt there and how they are affecting the surrounding ocean．
New evidence suggests that"super-colonizers"form seeable clusters （丛） on the plastic in minutes．Other findings indicate that some types of harmful bacteria favor plastics more than others．And，scientists are exploring if fish or other ocean animals may be helping these pathogens （病原体） develop quickly by taking in the plastic．That could allow bacteria to acquire additional nutrients as they pass through the guts（肠子） of the fish，said Tracy Mincer，an associate scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods hole．Mass．
Showing this information could help scientists better understand how much of a potential threat these harmful bacteria cause and the role the Plastisphere plays in the largest ocean ecosystem，including its potential to change nutrients in the water．That information could also help reduce the impact of plastic pollution in the ocean，Mincer said．

28．Researchers are worried about the microbes living on the floating pieces of plastic because．B
A．they might break the balance of the ecosystem in the sea
B．they might cause diseases to sea animals or humans
C．they will make the sea polluted more severely
D．they may reduce the food for the fish in the sea
29．How long does it take the microbes to form seeable clusters．on the plastic．D
A．Several years．
B．A week
C．A few seconds．
D．A few minutes
30．What s the passage mainly about？C
A．The latest research on the Ocean．
B．Plastisphere affecting the surrounding Ocean．
C．The secret world of the floating ocean Plastisphere．
D．Worries about the microbes on floating pieces of plastic．
31．What can we infer from the last paragraph？C
A．The process of the study still has a long way to go．
B．The potential threat of the bacteria does great harm to animals and humans．
C．The study is of great significance．
D．Scientists are studying further information about the microbes．

10．

At home，ordering food from a menu is a normal，everyday routine．I don't even give it a second thought．In China，it's a whole other story!Here，ordering is a fun game of trial and error，and the adventure begins before the food is even served!
Many restaurants in central Beijing advertise"English language menus"，but the translations can just add to the confusion．Although accompanying pictures can be a helpful relief，the translations often make the whole experience even more amusing．During my first few weeks in China I tried some delicious dishes with off-the-wall names．As an experiment，my friends and I would order things like"students addicted to chicken gristle （软骨）"and"red burned lion head"．It was always fun to see what landed on our table．Eventually we learned that"lion head"was actually pork，and"students"are"addicted"to diced （切碎的） chicken with green pepper．
Recently，I came across a busy restaurant down a narrow side street in a Beijing hutong．It was lunchtime and the small room was packed with people sitting on small stools （凳子） eating noodles．I was hungry and cold，and the steaming bowls looked irresistible!I sat myself down and called out for a"caidan!"In response，the waitress pointed to a wall at the back of the restaurant．The wall was full of Chinese characters describing numerous dishes．There was only one sentence in English："crossing over the bridge noodles"．
I had never heard of the dish and had no idea what it would taste like．I took a gamble and ordered one bowl of"crossing over the bridge noodles"．A few minutes later the waitress carried over a heavy bowl full of broth （肉汤） and I quickly dug in．It was the best bowl of noodles I had ever tasted!I have been back again and again and each time I point at the one English sentence-"crossing over the bridge noodles"．I always enter a restaurant in China feeling excited and a little nervous．Who knows what the next ordering adventure will show？

56．How does the writer find the English-language menus in many of Beijing's restaurants？A
A．Confusing but amusing．
B．Easy to understand．
C．Boring and annoying．
D．Accurate and helpful．
57．The underlined word"gamble"in the last paragraph probably meansD．
A．taste
B．look
C．step
D．risk
58．The passage deals withB．
A．the author's favorite Chinese dishes
B．the fun the author had ordering food in China's restaurant
C．a comparison between Western food and Chinese food
D．the correct way to translate the names of Chinese dishes into English
59．The passage is developed mainly in the form ofA．
A．examples and statements
B．comparison and conclusion
C．causes and effects
D．time and description．

9．As the pace of life continues to increase，we are fast losing the art of relaxation．Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down．But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body．
Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it．In fact，it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be．A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life．It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health．
The amount of stress a person can withstand （经得起） depends very much on the individual．Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities．Others lose heart at the first sight of unusual difficulties．When exposed to stress，in whatever form，we react both chemically and physically．In fact we make a choice between"fight"or"flight"and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death．The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme，but however little the stress，it involves the same response．It is when such a reaction lasts long，through continued exposure to stress，that health becomes endangered．Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress．Since we cannot remove stress from our lives （it would be unwise to do so even if we could），we need to find ways to deal with it．

31．People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves becauseA．
A．they are becoming busier with their work
B．they do not believe that relaxation is important for health
C．they are traveling fast all the time
D．they do not know how to enjoy themselves
32．According to the writer，the most important character for a good manager is hisD．
A．having control over performance
B．knowing the art of relaxation
C．high sense of responsibility
D．not fearing stress
33．Which of the following statements is true？B
A．We can find some ways to avoid stress．
B．Different people can withstand different amounts of stress．
C．It is easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work．
D．Stress is always harmful to people．
34．In Paragraph 3，"such a reaction"refers back toC．
A．making a choice between‘flight'or‘fight'
B．responding to crises quickly
C．reaction to stress both chemically and physically
D．losing heart at the sight of difficulties
35．In the last sentence of the passage，"do so"refers toD．
A．expose ourselves to stress
B．find ways to deal with stress
C．established links between diseases and stress
D．remove stress from our lives．

8．A glass a day keeps obesity at bay．Alcohol has always been thought to cause weight gain because of its high sugar content，but new research suggests a glass a day could form part of a   diet．Looking at past studies they found that，while heavy drinkers do put on weight，those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight．
A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says，"Light to moderate alcohol intake，especially of wine，may be more likely to protect against，rather than promote，weightgain"．The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions，particularly that current data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight．
Boston University's Dr．Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms （生物学机制） relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood．His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes（糖尿病），which relate to increasing obesity．Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers．
The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat，and that this process could exlain the differences in its effects from those of other foods．They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks，taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight．
For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases one's risk of becoming obese．What's more，a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol，a compound present in grapes and red wine，destroys fat cells．

31．The passage is mainly for thoseD．
A．who produce wine
B．who are eager to lose weight
C．whogo on a diet
D．who have a drinking habit
32．The underlined phrase"in moderation"in the first paragraph meansA．
A．properly
B．carefully
C．excitedly
D．frequently
33．Why has alcohol been thought to cause weight gain？B
A．Because its calories are stored in fat．
B．Because it is rich in sugar．
C．Because it changes drinking patterns．
D．Because it increases the risk of diabetes．
34．What can we learn from the passage？C
A．The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear．
B．Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of becoming fat．
C．The research found moderate drinkng has a strong protective effect．
D．Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight．
35．What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows？B
A．How to do some easy experiments．
B．How to prove the finding mentioned above．
C．How to make wine in a healthy way．
D．How to reduce the calories contained in wine．

7．Cooking programs and classes for children seem to positively influence children's food preferences and behaviors，according to a recent review．And，although the review didn't look at long-term effects of such programs，the findings suggest that such programs might help children develop long-lasting healthy habits．
This research comes at a time when childhood obesity（肥胖） rates have been rising rapidly．More than one-third of adolescents in the United States were obese in 2012，according to the U．S．Centers for Disease Control and Prevention （CDC）．This trend has been caused，at least in part，by a significant decrease in the amount of meals that people consume at home since the 1980s，according to background information in the study．
Cooking education programs，such as Food Explorers，teach children about new healthy foods and how to prepare them．They also stress the importance of eating five fruits and vegetables every day．A volunteer parent explains a new food to the group，and the kids make something based on the lesson，such as fruit or vegetable salad．Depending on the program，kids may be sent home with information about healthy foods to bring to their parents，the review explained．
The study team reviewed eight other studies that tested different types of cooking education programs．Children in these classes were between 5and 12years old，according to the review．The goal of the study team was to learn more about developing an efficient program to encourage healthy food choices that last a lifetime．The study found that it is particularly important to expose kids to healthy foods on a number of occasions．This makes them feel comfortable with the new foods，which helps them build healthy habits．
The study stressed the importance of getting parents involved in（参与） their children's eating habits．Parents who are unable to enroll their kids in a cooking class can achieve similar benefits by having their kids help them while they prepare meals at home．Children are more comfortable at home，which makes them more receptive to new foods because they will make the connection to a positive experience．

36．What can we infer from the second paragraph？A
A．Eating out frequently causes obesity．
B．Childhood obesity is totally caused by eating habit．
C．Childhood obesity rates have been rising rapidly since 2012
D．Food consumption has decreased significantly since the 1980s．
37．On cooking education programs，C．
A．children learn how to prepare foods from their parents
B．children will learn how to cook in the company of their parents
C．children may learn information unknown to their parents
D．children focus more on cooking skills than on information about healthy foods
38．Which of the following is true according to the study？B
A．Parents should let their kids cook independently at home．
B．A greater willingness to try new foods helps building healthy habits．
C．Children who participate in cooking programs are less likely to become obese．
D．Children who take cooking courses are more likely to choose fruits and vegetables as adults．
39．Which of the following categories does this passage belong to？D
A．Education Systems
B．Science and Technology
C．Parent-child Relationship
D．Public Health Research
40．The purpose of the passage isA．
A．to inform the reader
B．to entertain the reader
C．to discuss with the reader
D．to warn the reader．

6．Life expectancy is rising in much of the world．But doctors are seeing another trend that isdisturbing．Some people are choosing lifestylesthat contribute to early death．A new U．S．studylooks at four lifestyle choices that prevent people from staying healthy and living longer．
It used to be rare for people to live to 100．Butbabies born in the U．S．today can hope to live thatlong．In the 20th century，life expectancy in wealthy nations increased by as much as 30 years．Average life expectancy for Americans is 78．But doctors are seeing people adopt bad habits that can cut their lives short…like eating toomuch or eating too much junk food，exercising too little and smoking cigarettes．These habits increase the risk for cancer，diabetes，heart disease and stroke．
Researchers at Harvard University and the University of Washington wanted to find out howmany years are lost with these lifestyle choices．"What we found was that high blood pressure，smoking，overweightaccount for five years ofloss of life expectancy in men and about four years in womenat the national   level，"Goodarz Danaei，one of the principal researchers said．The researchers broke down the data into race，income and locale and they found even greaterdifferences．Middle-income whites have the best blood pressure．But Asian-Americans have fewest badhabits and the best health．"They are not getting  heart disease because of low blood pressure，they are not getting cancer  because they have low risk factors for cancer，including smoking，"Danaei said．
The researchers say public health officials could use the study to plan programs that will help people make better lifestyle choices．

32．Some people's early death is the result of theirC．
A．life expectancy
B．genes
C．lifestyles
D．hobbies
33．Babies born nowadays in the US can be expected toA．
A．live to 100
B．live less than 100
C．live 30years longer
D．live to 78
34．High blood pressure，smoking and overweight can lead toB．
A．four years of loss of life expectancy in men and five years in women
B．five years of loss of life expectancy in men while about four years in women
C．five years of loss of life expectancy in both men and in women
D．nine years of loss of life expectancy in both men and in women
35．Compared with Asian-Americans，middle-income whites haveC．
A．fewer bad habits
B．better health
C．better blood pressure
D．lower risk of cancer．

5．2014 saw that the Ebola virus reappeared in Guinea and soon spread into neighbouring Liberia and Sierra Leone，killing over 7，800people by the new year of 2015．It leads to viral hemorrhagic fever，which is characterized by high fever and internal bleeding etc．
Ebola is named after the Ebola River，where it was first discovered in 1976．There are five different types of the Ebola virus，each named after where they first happened：Sudan，Ivory Coast，Reston，Bundibugyo，and Zaire．The deadliest of the five，Zaire，was responsible for the 2012out-break，and is believed to be attacking Guinea．
Ebola is naturally found in fruit bats，which pass on the virus to other animals by biting or sucking on their blood．Humans who are suffering from the Ebola infection might have touched the bodily fluids of the infected animals．Once infected，a human becomes a carrier of the deadly virus．
Unfortunately，there are no disease-specific treatments for Ebola．Health-care workers only supply the infected people with physiological saline（生理盐水）to keep them in good condition．Ebola can kill 90% of those infected，especially in underdeveloped societies like those in Africa．Since there have been many cases of nurses catching the disease from patients，they are forced to wear strict protective clothes，and in some cases，not even allowed to get close to the infected．The fact that there is no cure for the Ebola virus is what makes the outbreak a challenging one to control．
What's worse，since we live in an interconnected world，where the situation in one country can affect us all，the influences of Ebola are huge：damaging trade relations，affecting foreign visitors，and weakening entire countries．It is feared that the disease may spread throughout west African countries．For every country，a strong health system can decrease the risk of health attack and lessen the impact of Ebola．

28．What is the function of the first paragraph in the whole passage？A
A．To arouse the reader's concern．
B．To summarize the whole passage．
C．To give a detailed description of Ebola．
D．To introduce the theme of the whole passage．
29．What can we infer about the Ebola virus？C
A．It has caused a panic in many countries．
B．It is the most dangerous virus in the world．
C．A strong health system is important to fight against Ebola．
D．Anyone who was infected Ebola will die．
30．Paragraph 3mainly tells usB．
A．What the Ebola virus is
B．How the Ebola virus spreads
C．How the Ebola virus is treated
D．How the Ebola virus affects the life
31．Which of the following is true？A
A．There are no effective drugs to treat Ebola by far．
B．Ebola is now very common in Guinea．
C．Those with a fever must be infected by Ebola．
D．Females are easier to be infected by Ebola．

4．Nowadays many people are concerned about the problem of what to do with electronic waste such as old televisions，computers，radios，cellular telephones and other electronic equipment．
Electronic trash，or e-waste，is piling up faster than ever in American homes and businesses．People do not know what to do with old televisions or computers so they throw them in the trash．
National Solid Waste Management Association （NSWMA） state programs director Chaz Miller says the large amount of electronic waste Americans product is not unexpected．
The US Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） estimates more than 400million consumer electronic items are dumped each year，and there is a push by more states to ban the waste from landfills （垃圾填埋场） and create recycling programs．They can be torn apart and sorted for useable parts．Mike Fannon who runs the plant in Baltimore says，"There are lots of valuable metals that can be recovered and reused instead of just putting them in the landfill，and in certain components there are some materials that should not really be in the landfill．"
Fannon says nearly 20percent of electronic waste is recycled nationwide．Thirteen years ago，it was only about 6percent．Recycling rates continue to rise as more communities have banned electronics from landfills in order to keep e-waste poisons like lead （铅） and mercury （汞） out of garbage dumps．
This year several states like Vermont imposed a ban on electronic waste in landfills．More than 25other states have also adopted bans on e-waste in landfills．Chaz Miller says more can be done to boost electronic waste recycling．
"We can do much better，"noted Miller．"I think clearly our goal should be to do as well as we do recycling newspapers．"

32．Which of the following does NOT belong to e-waste？D
A．Old televisions．
B．Old computers．
C．Old cell phones．
D．Old newspapers．
33．Why is e-waste banned from landfills in many states？C
A．Because it can not be recycled．
B．Because the landfills are already full．
C．Because it might damage the environment．
D．Because it can be shipped to other countries．
34．According to Mike Fannon，what might be the best way of dealing with e-waste？A
A．Recycling it．
B．Selling it．
C．Burying it．
D．Breaking it．
35．What can we learn from the passage？B
A．Chaz Miller works for EPA．
B．Miller is optimistic about the future of e-waste．
C．At present，less than 10percent of e-waste is recycled．
D．All states in the US have banned e-waste from landfills．

3．In the winter months，most children spend their time on video games．Spending their time on video games for a long time is harmful to them．How you can try your best to get them active and keep their
minds and bodies healthy is very necessary and important．（36）Ghere are some ideas：
◆Take out some old games
After hours of being indoors，kids w ill quickly get tired of their own games and toys．Take this opportunity to teach them the old games from your childhood．Make up new rules to refresh the games and make them original to your family．（37）F
◆Cook together
Cooking is a great activity because the whole family can get involved．（38）Ckids can even practice their reading skills by reading the recipe aloud from a cookbook．Cooking with children also encourages them to try new foods because they've had a hand in making the finished product．
◆Make use of that big project
You may have spring cleaning plans，but get a head start on that big clean-out project this winter．（39）Ayet your kids involved in cleaning the garage or painting the guest room．Once the project is
complete，all of you will feel satisfied to work together．
◆Go on an indoor adventure
Staying at home day after day is really dull and you may take part in other activities with your kids．（40）Emake a trip to an indoor ice skating or roller skating rink．You can also start a bowling tournament with other families from school and the neighborhood．

A．Encourage your kids to join in the project．
B．Set aside more hours for your work．
C．Assign everyone a job，like mixing or frying．
D．Most kids enjoy outdoor activities in w inter．
E．Go to a swimming pool in a local gym．
F．Record the game ideas to pick out of an activity later．
G．With a little activity，you can prevent the winter blues．

2．Scientists investigated why Ebola virus is so deadly when it spreads from animals to humans and then from human-to-human contact．The research team looked at the Zaire Ebola virus in an animal system to understand how it gains strength．This virus is responsible for the current outbreak in West Africa．They found that initially the animal systems were not affected by the virus，but succeeding transmission（传送） into other animals caused the virus to"hot up"and become more severe．
The team analyzed the viruses at different stages and were able to identify several changes in its genetic material that were associated with increased disease．
Professor Julian Hiscox，who led the study from the University's Institute of Infection and Global Health，explains："The work tells us that the evolutionary goal of Ebola virus is to become more fatal．"
"We were able to show through genetic analysis which parts of the virus are involved in this process．The information we have gathered will now allow us to monitor for such changes in an outbreak as well as develop future treatment strategies．"
Professor Roger Hewson，leading the study from Public Health England，Porton Down，said："Ebola virus is such a destructive infection to the people affected by the disease and the economy of West Africa．"
"Our understanding of Ebola virus biology is way behind that of other viruses and our cooperation shows how we can bring together our specialists'skills to close this knowledge gap．"
Professor Miles Carroll，a co-author of the work，said："This study has allowed the team to be at the forefront of developing methodologies to analyze patient samples recently taken by the European Mobile Laboratory from West Africa to understand disease evolution during the current outbreak．"
29．What does the first paragraph mainly tell us？C
A．How severe Ebola virus is．
B．How Ebola virus spreads．
C．How Ebola virus gradually becomes deadly．
D．What contributions scientists have made on Ebola virus．
30．Which of the following statements is mentioned in the passage？B
A．In the first stage，the virus hurts its victims much．
B．As the virus spreads，it'll change and become more and more deadly．
C．The research in Ebola virus is more advanced than that in other viruses．
D．The scientists have a negative attitude to the research in Ebola virus．
31．The underlined word"fatal"has the closest meaning toB．
A．optimistic B．deadly C．common D．fantastic
32．Where can we probably read this passage？A
A．In a science report．
B．In a storybook．
C．In an advertisement．
D．In a textbook．

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