题目内容

11．You may not know it but on our biosphere （生物圈）-Earth-there is also a relatively unknown world hiding in plain sight．It is made up of microbes （微生物） that live on floating pieces of plastic floating on the ocean．
This"Plastisphere"of microbial organism living on ocean plastic was first discovered last year and it is now getting studied．When researchers first examined the Plastisphere，they found at least 1，000different types of microbes living on the tiny plastic islands，and worried that they might cause a risk to larger animals and humans．They also found that the Plastisphere's microbes included bacteria known to cause diseases in animals and humans．Since then，researchers have been trying to figure out why these potentially dangerous bacteria live on the Plastisphere，how they gt there and how they are affecting the surrounding ocean．
New evidence suggests that"super-colonizers"form seeable clusters （ 丛） on the plastic in minutes．Other findings indicate that some types of harmful bacteria favor plastics more than others．And，scientists are exploring if fish or other ocean animals may be helping these pathogens （ 病原体） develop quickly by taking in the plastic．That could allow bacteria to acquire additional nutrients as they pass through the guts（肠子） of the fish，said Tracy Mincer，an associate scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods hole．Mass．
Showing this information could help scientists better understand how much of a potential threat these harmful bacteria cause and the role the Plastisphere plays in the largest ocean ecosystem，including its potential to change nutrients in the water．That information could also help reduce the impact of plastic pollution in the ocean，Mincer said．

28．Researchers are worried about the microbes living on the floating pieces of plastic because．B
A．they might break the balance of the ecosystem in the sea
B．they might cause diseases to sea animals or humans
C．they will make the sea polluted more severely
D．they may reduce the food for the fish in the sea
29．How long does it take the microbes to form seeable clusters．on the plastic．D
A．Several years．
B．A week            
C．A few seconds．
D．A few minutes
30．What s the passage mainly about？C
A．The latest research on the Ocean．
B．Plastisphere affecting the surrounding Ocean．
C．The secret world of the floating ocean Plastisphere．
D．Worries about the microbes on floating pieces of plastic．
31．What can we infer from the last paragraph？C
A．The process of the study still has a long way to go．
B．The potential threat of the bacteria does great harm to animals and humans．
C．The study is of great significance．
D．Scientists are studying further information about the microbes．

分析 本文是一篇说明文阅读，主要向读者介绍了生存在海洋漂浮塑料物上的一些微生物，他们给人类和其他海洋生物的安全带来了潜在的威胁．科学家们一直在研究微生物和寻找减少海洋塑料污染的办法．

解答 28．B 细节理解题．根据第二段They also found that the Plastisphere's microbes included bacteria known to cause diseases in animals and humans．可知研究者之所以担心这些微生物，是因为它们有可能给动物和人类带来疾病．故选B．
29．D 细节理解题．根据第三段New evidence suggests that"super-colonizers"form seeable clusters （ 丛） on the plastic in minutes．可知这种微生物只需要几分钟的时间就可以在塑料上形成肉眼可见的菌丛．故选D．
30．C 主旨大意题．本文主要向读者揭秘了地球上一些鲜为人知的微生物，它们生存在海洋中漂浮着的塑料上．C项意为"海洋中漂浮塑料物的秘密世界"．故选C．
31．C 理解推断题．根据最后一段Showing this information could help scientists better understand how much of a potential threat these harmful bacteria cause可知显示此信息可以帮助科学家们更好地了解这些有害细菌引起了多少潜在的威胁，由此得知科学家们正在进一步的研究微生物．故选C．

点评 本文考察学生的理解推断能力以及细心程度，只要抓住文章的关键词，采用寻读的方法查找细节，就能找到正确答案．

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A．a； aB．a； theC．the； theD．the； a
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12．What is Mr GibbsA？
A．A pet dog．B．A policeman．C．A doctor．D．A firefighter．
13．When did the doctor know Alida caught the diseaseC？
A．At her birth．B．At the age of eight．
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14．The underlined part"the couple"in paragraph 3 refers toB．
A．Alida's classmates                              B．Alida's parents
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15．How did Alida keep aliveD？
A．By training her dog．B．By staying with her parents．
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74．According to the findings of the Oregon Research Institute，A
A．Overweight people get less pleasure from eating the same amount．
B．Overweight people enjoy eating more than the others do
C．People will become overweight if they eat more than they need
D．People are more likely to be overweight if they produce less leptin
75．The method used by the National Institute On Aging can be summarized as"C"
A．No diet at all                       B．Diet on a daily basis
C．Diet every other day                 D．Diet permanently
76．The word"grinding"in the paragraph 5is closest in meaning toD
A．Effective     B．Realistic       C．Unreliable       D．Miserable
77．What is the passage mainly about？B
A．Comparing the various ways of cutting calories
B．Recommending new methods of losing weight
C．Pointing out the misconceptions of losing weight
D．Clarifying the common myth about weight loss．
6．Life expectancy is rising in much of the world．But doctors are seeing another trend that isdisturbing．Some people are choosing lifestylesthat contribute to early death．A new U．S．studylooks at four lifestyle choices that prevent people from staying healthy and living longer．
It used to be rare for people to live to 100．Butbabies born in the U．S．today can hope to live thatlong．In the 20th century，life expectancy in wealthy nations increased by as much as 30 years．Average life expectancy for Americans is 78．But doctors are seeing people adopt bad habits that can cut their lives short…like eating toomuch or eating too much junk food，exercising too little and smoking cigarettes．These habits increase the risk for cancer，diabetes，heart disease and stroke．
Researchers at Harvard University and the University of Washington wanted to find out howmany years are lost with these lifestyle choices．"What we found was that high blood pressure，smoking，overweightaccount for five years ofloss of life expectancy in men and about four years in womenat the national   level，"Goodarz Danaei，one of the principal researchers said．The researchers broke down the data into race，income and locale and they found even greaterdifferences．Middle-income whites have the best blood pressure．But Asian-Americans have fewest badhabits and the best health．"They are not getting  heart disease because of low blood pressure，they are not getting cancer  because they have low risk factors for cancer，including smoking，"Danaei said．
The researchers say public health officials could use the study to plan programs that will help people make better lifestyle choices．

32．Some people's early death is the result of theirC．
A．life expectancy    
B．genes    
C．lifestyles    
D．hobbies
33．Babies born nowadays in the US can be expected toA．
A．live to 100        
B．live less than 100
C．live 30years longer      
D．live to 78
34．High blood pressure，smoking and overweight can lead toB．
A．four years of loss of life expectancy in men and five years in women
B．five years of loss of life expectancy in men while about four years in women
C．five years of loss of life expectancy in both men and in women
D．nine years of loss of life expectancy in both men and in women
35．Compared with Asian-Americans，middle-income whites haveC．
A．fewer bad habits         
B．better health
C．better blood pressure   
D．lower risk of cancer．
16．Danish scientists studied more than 1，000healthy joggers and non-joggers over a 12-year period．Those who jogged at a steady pace for less than two and a half hours a week were least likely to die in this time．But those who ran more than four hours a week or did no exercise had the highest death rates．
Analysing questionnaires filled out by all the people in the study，scientists concluded the ideal pace was about 8km/h and that it was best to jog no more than three times a week or for 2.5hours in total．People who jogged more closely-particularly those who jogged more than three times a week or at a pace of more than11km/h-were as likely to die as those who did no exercise．
Researcher Jacob Louis Marott，from the Frederiksberg Hospital in Copenhagen，said："You don't actually have to do that much to have a good impact on your health．"
"And perhaps you shouldn't actually do too much．No exercise recommendations across the world mention an upper limit for safe exercise，but perhaps there is one．"
Scientists are not yet sure what is behind this trend-but they say changes to the heart during extreme exercise could contribute．In their report，they suggest："Long-term strenuous exercise may change pathological （病理的） structure of the heart and arteries （动脉）．"
Maureen Talbot，senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation，said："This study shows that you don't have to run marathons to keep your heart healthy．"
"Light and moderate jogging was found to be more beneficial than being inactive or undertaking strenuous jogging，possibly adding years to your life．"
"National guidelines recommend we do 140minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week．"
"If it may sound like a lot for you，brisk walking （快走） is also a good exercise．And if you're bit of a couch potato，this is a good place to start．

61．From paragraph one，we could knowC．
A．the study took 10years
B．more than 1000joggers took part in the study
C．people with no exercise had the highest death rates
D．joggers and non-joggers are likely to die
62．How should we jog properly from the study？A
A．Jog at a pace of about 8km/h no more than three times a week．
B．Jog at a pace of about 11km/h for 2.5hours in total in a week．
C．Jog at a pace of about 11km/h more than three times a week．
D．Jog at a pace of about 8km/h for 2.5hours a day．
63．The underlined word"strenuous"meansB．
A．light           
B．strong          
C．enough           
D．frequent
64．According to the passage，which of the following is Not True？B
A．There isn't an upper limit for safe exercise across the world now．
B．Running marathons helps keep your heart healthy．
C．Light and moderate jogging may help people live longer．
D．The moderate-intensity activity time in a week could be about 140minutes．
65．What is the main idea of the passage？D
A．Jogging everyday is good to health．
B．Brisk walking is better than jogging．
C．Jogging is not a good activity for people who suffer heart diseases．
D．Jogging too much is no better than doing no exercise．
3．A glass a day keeps obesity at bay．Alcohol has always been thought to cause weight gain because of its high sugar content，but new research suggests a glass a day could form part of a diet．Looking at past studies they found that，while heavy drinkers do put on weight，those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight．
A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says，"Light to moderate alcohol intake，especially of wine，may be more likely to protect against，rather than promote，weight gain"．The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions，particularly that current data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight．
Boston University's Dr．Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms（生物学机制） relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood．His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes（糖尿病），which relate to increasing obesity．Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers．
The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat，and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods．They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks，taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight．
For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases one's risk of becoming obese．What's more，a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol，a compound present in grapes and red wine，destroys fat cells．

66．The passage is mainly for thoseD．
A．who produce wine                     
B．who are eager to lose weight
C．who go on a diet                      
D．who have a drinking habit
67．The underlined phrase"in moderation"in the first paragraph meansA．
A．properly          
B．carefully         
C．excitedly          
D．frequently
68．Why has alcohol been thought to cause weight gain？B
A．Because its calories are stored in fat．
B．Because it is rich in sugar．
C．Because it changes drinking patterns．
D．Because it increases the risk of diabetes．
69．What can we learn from the passage？C
A．The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear．
B．Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of becoming fat．
C．The research found moderate drinking has a strong protective effect．
D．Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight．
70．What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows？B
A．How to do some easy experiments．
B．How to prove the finding mentioned above．
C．How to make wine in a healthy way．
D．How to reduce the calories contained in wine．
20．Spending hours playing violent video games prevents teenagers from their moral growth，a study has found．It is thought that regular touch to violence and lack of contact with the outside world makes it harder for them to tell right from wrong．They also struggle to trust other people，and see the world from their viewpoints．
    Researchers from Brock University in Ontario found that those who spend more than three hours each day in front of the screen are particularly unlikely to have developed the ability to empathise（同情）．
    The Canadian researchers surveyed 109 boys and girls，aged 13 and 14，about whether they played video games，which games they liked，and how long they spent playing them．Their findings found that 88 percent of teens said they played games，and more than half admitted to playing games everyday．Violent games were among the most popular．
    The teenagers also filled in a questionnaire designed to measure their moral development．For example，they were asked how important it is to save the life of a friend．
    Previous studies have suggested that a person's moral judgement goes through four phases as they grow from children and enter adulthood．By the age of 13 or 14，scientists claim young people should be entering the third stage，and be able to empathise with others and take their viewpoints into account．The research found that this stage appeared to be delayed in teenagers who regularly played violent video games．
    It is also thought that teenagers who play games regularly did not spend enough time in the real world to learn to take other's thoughts into consideration．Researcher Mirjana Bajovic said："The present results indicate that some teenagers；who spent three or more hours a day playing violent video games，are deprived of such opportnnities．"Writing in the journal Educational Media International．the researchers added："Touch to violence in video games may influence the development of moral reasoning because violence is not only presented as acceptable but is also justified and rewarded．"
    They concluded that rather than trying to enforce an‘unrealistic'ban on the games，parents and teachers should encourage teenagers to do charity work and take up after-school activities．

61．What would be the result of playing violent video games？D
A．Making teens easy to get along with．
B．Helping teens make more good friends．
C．Causing teens easier to tell right from wrong．
D．Getting teens hard to take others into consideration．
62．Why did the Canadian researchers carry out the studies？B
A．To discuss how to save the life of a friend．
B．To measure teenagers'moral development．
C．To enrich teenagers'awareness of social life．
D．To develop teenagers'ability to communicate．
63．What call we know from the words of Mirjana Bajovic？A
A．Vio1ent games cost teens social experiences in real life．
B．Playing games regularly will improve teens'intelligence．
C．Playing games inspires teens to develop fast．
D．Playing games makes teens help others．
64．What can be inferred from the text？D
A．Parents and teachers should let teens go online．
B．Playing video games should be forbidden among teens．
C．Game designers should be kindly treated and rewarded．
D．Teens should be encouraged to do more meaningful things．
65．Which of the following would be the best title of the text？A
A．Violent video games affect teenagers'moral development
B．Vio1ent video games delay teenagers'physical growth
C．Violent video games should be forbidden among teenagers
D．Violent video games reduce teenagers'chance in the real world．
1．My years at Yale University provide me with some of the most sincere happiness I have ever experienced．The nostalgia，though，results from the thought of leaving this family and moving on to a different period of life．
The relationships during my four years here are one of the most unforgettable aspects of my life．Yale has allowed me to create friendships with many that will undoubtedly be brilliant in our future society．Also，I am certain that Yale has offered me the opportunity to learn and share my faith with others．Lastly，the academic education I received here is remarkable．It is such an amazing opportunity to have the dedicated，cooperative and knowledgeable teachers that are present at our school．
It seems like just a few days ago when I took my first steps onto campus，and now we seniors are approaching our final steps．The shyness as freshmen has now transformed into confidence and maturity，I still remember walking down the halls，admiring the seniors for their calmness and strength．Looking back，I am sure that my experiences within this family were fantastic．I know that my memories of this school，whether they are the sporting events or the dances，will always be present in nay life．
Thus，it is sad to be aware of the end of a happy four years．Leaving Yale will be difficult after all of the great memories I have gained from attending school here．Anyway，it is exciting to realize that as seniors，we are approaching an entirely new life，an entirely new opportunity．As for you underclassmen （大学低年级学生），cherish the moments that you spend on this campus，because they can become some of the most memorable times of your lives．
60．The underlined word nostalgia in paragraph 1 probably meansB
A．excitement about leaving the family
B．thoughts about happy times in the past
C．disappointment with the university
D．challenges of a different period of life
61．The author believes Yale has offered him the following opportunities EXCEPTC
A．to make friends with many excellent students
B．to learn and share his faith with others
C．to make the academic education there remarkable
D．to have dedicated，cooperative and knowledgeable teachers
62．We can know from paragraph 3 that the writerA．
A．has become confident and mature in the later semesters in Yale
B．likes walking down the campus admiring those proud seniors
C．is regretful for not cherishing those happy moments in the school
D．is unwilling to leave Yale because he misses his friends there
63．The passage is probablyD．
A．a report for an important conference
B．a reminder of those good old days
C．a story about the writer's happy time
D．a speech at a graduation ceremony．

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