1．Some people think if you are happy.you are blind to reality．But when we research it.happiness actu——青夏教育精英家教网—

1．Some people think if you are happy，you are blind to reality．But when we research it，happiness actually raises every single business and educational outcome for the brain．How did we miss this？Why do we have these social misunderstandings about happiness？Because we assumed you were average．When we study people，scientists are often interested in what the average is．
Many people think happiness is genetic．That's only half the story，because the average person does not fight their genes．When we stop studying the average and begin researching positive outliers-people who are above average for a positive aspect like optimism or intelligence-a wildly different picture appears．Our daily decisions and habits have a huge impact upon both our levels of happiness and success．
Scientifically，happiness is a choice．It is a choice about where your single processor brain will devote its limited resources as you process the world．If you scan for the negative first，your brain really has no resources left over to see the things you are grateful for or the meaning embedded（嵌入） in your work．But if you scan the world for the positive，you start to acquire an amazing advantage．
I wrote the cover story for the Harvard Business Review magazine on"Happiness Leads to Profits．"Based on my article called"Positive Intelligence"and my research in The Happiness Advantage，I summarized our researched conclusion：the single greatest advantage in the modern economy is a happy and busy workforce．
A decade of research in the business world proves that happiness raises nearly every business and educational outcome：increasing sales by 37%，productivity by 31%，and accuracy on tasks by 19%，as well as a number of health and quality-of-life improvements．
25．The underlined word"this"in the first paragraph refers toB．
A．the fact that people are happy
B．the connection between happiness and educational outcome
C．the fact that people often misunderstand happiness
D．the fact that most people are average
26．What can we learn from the passage？B
A．Scientists are only interested in what the average is．
B．You can choose to be happy or not．
C．The average are not happy at all．
D．Our decisions and habits have nothing to do with happiness．
27．Why does the writer mention his articles and research？C
A．To advertise himself．
B．To arouse the readers'interest．
C．To support his point about happiness．
D．To attract the readers to read his articles．
28．What is the author's purpose of writing this article？D
A．To explain what is happiness．
B．To describe the misunderstandings about happiness．
C．To show people the importance of happiness．
D．To make the point that happiness promotes business and educational outcome．

20．The 11billion self-help industry is built on the idea that you should turn negative thoughts like"I never do anything right"into positive ones like"I can succeed．"But was positive thinking advocate Norman Vincent Peale right？Is there power in positive thinking？
Researchers in Canada just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect：it can simply highlight how unhappy they are．The study's authors，Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick，begin by citing older research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive，they actually feel worse，not better．If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein，you're just underlining his faults．In one 1990s experiment，a team including psychologist Joel Cooper of Princeton asked participants to write essays opposing funding for the disabled．When the essayists were later praised for their sympathy，they felt even worse about what they had written．
In this experiment，Wood，Lee and Perunovic measured 68students'self-esteem．The participants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes．Every 15seconds，one group of students heard a bell．When it rang，they were supposed to tell themselves，"I am lovable．"
Those with low self-esteem didn't feel better after the forced self-affirmation．In fact，their moods turned significantly darker than those of members of the control group，who weren't urged to think positive thoughts．
The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy （心理治疗） that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them．In the fighting，we not only often fail but can make things worse．Meditation （静思） techniques，in contrast，can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger，more realistic perspective．Call it the power of negative thinking．
（Note：Answer the question or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12WORDS）

78．The self-help industry is based onthe concept of positive thinking．
79．The finding of the Canadian researchers is thatencouraging positive thinking many do more harm than good．
80．From the experiment of Wood，Lee and Perunovic，we know thatforcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self-esteem．
81．From the last paragraph，we know thatmeditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy．

19．Once upon a time，staying a healthy weight was easy．To lose weight you simply had to practise the reverse of home economics--spend more than you earned．Unfortunately for many，but perhaps not surprisingly，it turns out that people are rather more complicated than bank accounts．
To stay a healthy weight，you need a hormone（荷尔蒙）called lepton to work properly．It sends"I'm full"messages from the fat cells up to the brain，where they go，among other places，to the same pleasure centers that respond to drugs like cocaine．Fat people produce plenty of lepton，but the brain doesn．t seem to respond to it properly．Last year researchers at the Oregon Research Institute scanned the brains of overweight people and found their reward circuit（线路） were underactive．They were eating more to try to get the enjoyment they were missing．
There's a lot of evidence for the fact that most，if not all，of us have a set point around which our weight can vary by about seven to nine kilos，but anything beyond that is a real struggle．Making changes is hard，particularly if your body is working against you．So why not reject the traditional approaches and try some new method，based on the latest research，that work with your body rather than against it．
Several years ago researchers at the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore reported that when they gave rats very little food one day and allowed them to eat plenty the next，they showed virtually all the benefits of a permanent calorie restriction diet．The same goes for humans，according to Dr．James Johnson．
How does it work？Besides forcing the body to burn fat，it may also cause hormonal changes．Most people say that the diet takes a bit of getting used to，but is not as grinding as trying to cut back on an everyday basis．
Older dieters may remember something called brown fat．Unlike the undesirable white stuff； this was a dieter's dream．Instead of storing excess energy as fat，brown-fat tissue burned it off to keep you warm-at least in mice．Brown fat fell out of favor because researchers couldn't find much in humans but now，thanks to the New England journal of Medicine，it's back in fashion．The idea is to expose people to cold temperatures．They then make more brown fat and their weight drops．

74．According to the findings of the Oregon Research Institute，A
A．Overweight people get less pleasure from eating the same amount．
B．Overweight people enjoy eating more than the others do
C．People will become overweight if they eat more than they need
D．People are more likely to be overweight if they produce less leptin
75．The method used by the National Institute On Aging can be summarized as"C"
A．No diet at all                       B．Diet on a daily basis
C．Diet every other day                 D．Diet permanently
76．The word"grinding"in the paragraph 5is closest in meaning toD
A．Effective     B．Realistic       C．Unreliable       D．Miserable
77．What is the passage mainly about？B
A．Comparing the various ways of cutting calories
B．Recommending new methods of losing weight
C．Pointing out the misconceptions of losing weight
D．Clarifying the common myth about weight loss．

18．Researchers are reporting the first treatment to speed recovery from severe brain injuries caused by falls and car crashes：a cheap flu medicine-amantadine，whose side benefits were discovered by accident decades ago．
Severely injured patients in the United States，Denmark and Germany who were given amantadine got better faster than those who received another medicine．After four weeks，more people in the flu drug group could give reliable yes-and-no answers，follow commands or use a spoon or hairbrush-things that none of them could do at the start．Far fewer patients who got amantadine remained in a vegetative state，17percent versus 32percent．
"This drug moved the needle in terms of speeding patient recovery，and that's not been shown before，"said neuropsychologist（神经心理学家） Joseph Giacino of Boston's Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital，co-leader of the study．He added："It really does provide hope for a population that is viewed in many places as hopeless．"
Many doctors began using amantadine for brain injuries years ago，but until now there's never been a big study to show that it works．The results of the federally（联邦地） funded study appear in Thursday's New England Journal of Medicine．
A neurologist（神经病学家） who wasn't involved in the research called it an important step．But many questions remain，including whether people less severely injured would benefit，and whether amantadine actually improves patients'long-term outcome or just speeds up their recovery．
Each year，an estimated 1.7million Americans suffer a brain injury．With no proven treatment to rely on，doctors have used a variety of medicines approved for other diseases in the hopes that they would help brain injury patients．Those decisions are based on"guesses and logic rather than data"，said Dr．John Whyte，of the Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute in suburban Philadelphia．He led the study along with Giacino．
Amantadine，an inexpensive medicine，was approved for the flu in the mid-1960s．The first hint that it might have other uses came a few years later when it appeared to improve Parkinson's symptoms in nursing home patients．It was found to have an effect on the brain's dopamine system（多巴胺系统），whose many functions include movement and alertness，and it was later approved for Parkinson's．
It's now commonly used for brain injuries，and the researchers felt it was important to find out"whether we're treating patients with a useful drug，a harmful drug or a useless drug，"Whyte said．

74．According to Paragraph 2，the patients in a vegetative state may be those whoD．
A．can follow simple orders
B．recover faster than expected
C．can't breathe on their own
D．show no sign of brain activities
75．According to the passage，Amantadine is a medicine thatC．
A．is useful for flu only
B．is aimed to improve memory
C．speeds up brain injury recovery
D．benefits patients'brain injuries in the long run
76．The aim of the study led by Giacino and Whyte is toB．
A．get enough fund from the federal government
B．prove the effect of Amantadine on brain injuries
C．publish its results in New England Journal of Medicine
D．provide hope for patients considered hopeless in the past
77．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage？A
A．Old Drug，Proven Side Benefit
B．Medical Study，New Discovery
C．Severe Brain Injury，Quick Recovery
D．Different Treatment，Obvious Effect．

17．If you know the following fact，you'll understand why many people suffer from foot problems．The average person walks the equivalent of three times around the Earth in a lifetime．That is enormous wear and tear on the 26 bones，33 joints and more than 100 muscles that make up the foot．
In a recent survey for the American Podiatric Medical Association，53 percent of respondents reported foot pain so severe that it affected their daily function．On average，people develop pain in their 60s，but it can start as early as the 20s and 30s．And usually women give care to their feet while men don't．"A lot of people think foot pain is part of the aging process and accept it，and walk with pain，"said Dr Andrew Shapiro．Though some foot problems are inevitable，their progress can be slowed．The following questions will help you assess whether you should take more preventive action as you age．Do you have flat feet or hig harches（足弓）？Either puts feet a trisk．Shoes that support the arch and heel can help flat feet．People with high arches should look for roomy shoes and soft erpadding（衬垫）to absorb the shock．Proper exercises also strengthen muscles，supporting the foot．
Do your shoes fit？In the survey，more than 34 percent of men said they could not remember the last time their feet were measured.20 percent of women said that once a week they wore shoes that hurt，and 8 percent wore painful shoes daily．Feet flatten and lengthen with age，so if you still stick to the shoe size you wore at the age of 21，get your feet measured．Do you walk？Putting more mileage（里程）on your feet is the best way to exercise the muscles and keep them healthy．

43．The underlined phrase"wear and tear"in Paragraph 1 probably meansC．
A．a surprising experience
B．an unimaginable distance
C．damage due to continuous use
D．a contribution to the feet
44．What do we know from the passageC？
A．The number of men and women who have foot problems is similar．
B．Walking as little as possible can protect your feet from pain．
C．More than half of there spondent shave serious foot problems．
D.53% of people develop foot pain in their 60s．
45．Which of the following statements best explains foot painA？
A．Not all of it can be avoided．
B．People can't slow its process．
C．Walking more will stop foot pain．
D．Preventive actions can't work well．
46．If your feet are 26cm long at 23，what is the probable length of your feet when you are 43？A
A.26.2cm
B.25.2cm
C.26cm
D.25cm．

16．Is it okay to keep exercising when you have a cold？What about the flu？With winter viruses going around，it's important to know how to alter your training if you do catch a germ or two．
"The guidelines are pretty easy，"says Dr Lorenzo Masci from the Alphington Sports Medicine Clinic．"Anything above the neck---so if you've got a cold for example，a runny nose or a sore throat---then you should probably cut down your exercise by half and do 50 percent of what you normally do．"
"If you've got anything below the neck，like muscle pain，joint pain or fever，you shouldn't really exercise at all until those general symptoms settle down，"Lorenzo says．He points out that a cough would also fall into this more serious category．"For example，if anyone comes in with a fever and a runny nose，I'd tell them to stop exercising until the fever and the muscle ache settles．Then they can start their training again at 50 percent once all those symptoms settle，even if they've got a bit of a runny nose or a sore throat．"
"The reason we tell people to stop exercising is because if you exercise when you're unwell it can make the illness worse and prolong it．"There is a second reason Lorenzo advises his patients to stop exercising when they have"below the neck"symptoms．In the event you have an illness which affects your heart，exercise can sometimes actually lead to death．
Lorenzo advises to take zinc（锌）and vitamin C as a way of preventing colds．But he admits that this is controversial---some studies have shown that these supplements can improve immune function while other studies have cast doubt on the issue．The good news is that if you exercise regularly，you're likely to improve your immune function．"If you exercise too much，it can predispose （使倾向于） you to coughs and sniffles，"he points out．This is often the case for excellent athletes who train every day，such as triathletes （铁人三项运动员）．"But what we do know is that if you exercise at a moderate level，your immune system improves such that you're probably at a lower risk of developing coughs and colds．"

41．How many guidelines does Dr Lorenzo mainly suggest on doing exercises when people catch a coldB？
A．One．
B．Two．
C．Three．
D．Four．
42．How should people do exercises with a fever or a coughB？
A．They should probably reduce their training time by 50%．
B．They should stop exercising until they recover．
C．They should start exercising at 50% after their runny nose settles．
D．They should do half of what they normally do．
43．What is the worst result if people don't stop exercising when they are unwellD？
A．Worsening the illness．
B．Prolonging the illness．
C．Affecting the heart．
D．Bringing about threat to life．
44．What can be proved from the last paragraphC？
A．Zinc and Vitamin C can help to prevent colds．
B．The more exercises we do，the stronger our immune function will be．
C．Doing exercises regularly can help us prevent colds．
D．Excellent athletes seldom get coughs or sniffles．
45．What is this passage mainly aboutA？
A．Relationship between exercises and flu．
B．How to do exercises．
C．How to cope with flu．
D．When to do exercises．

15．"Drink your milk．It's good for you!"You've probably heard that many times，and it's true．Milk contains calcium，which is a necessary nutrient for keeping bones and teeth healthy and strong．The U．S．government even requires milk as part of the National School Lunch Program，saying that students should drink one cup of fat-free or low-fat milk at each meal．
Last Thursday，however，a group of doctors asked the government to remove milk from the lunch program．The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine （PCRM） says，"Milk is high in sugar，high in fat and high in animal protein，all of which have negative effects on health．""One of the only reasons people talk about dairy，or promote it，is that it is going to help build strong bones．"says Dr．Neal Barnard，president of the PCRM．There are better and healthier ways to get calcium such as eating beans，broccoli，cereals and tofu．Orange juice and soymilk that have calcium added to them also supply the nutrient．
Of course，calcium is important for healthy bones and teeth，but your genes，how much vitamin D you take in and getting an hour's worth of exercise every day all play a part．
Some nutritionists disagree with the idea that milk isn't important．Keri Gans，a dietitian，says，"I think it's irresponsible to take away this beverage that children enjoy，especially among those who are unable to meet their nutrient needs for the day，and remove it from the lunch line．"
The U．S．government is studying the request of the PCRM，but a decision may be a long way off．Meanwhile，Marion Nestle，a professor at New York University，puts it best："Milk has nutrients．Other foods have the same nutrients．It's just a food．Like other foods，too much might be a problem．"

41．Why does the US government ask students to drink one cup of milk at lunch timeD？
A．They have been told many times．
B．They have taken the PCRM's advice．
C．Fat-free or low-fat milk is less expensive．
D．Milk helps build students'strong bones．
42．Which of the following opinions does the PCRM supportA？
A．Milk is harmful to students'health．
B．Students should drink more milk each day．
C．Orange juice is higher in calcium than milk．
D．Milk is the best way to get calcium．
43．The underlined word"beverage"in Paragraph 4most probably meansC．
A．gene
B．idea
C．Milk
D．Lunch
44．What can we learn from Marion Nestle's words？B
A．Milk has more nutrients than other food．
B．Milk is just a kind of common food．
C．Other food also contains much calcium．
D．Too much nutrient lies in other food．
45．What does the above text mainly talk aboutD？
A．The best way to get the most calcium．
B．The connection between milk and health．
C．Different opinion about the important of milk．
D．Whether to take milk off the school-lunch menu．

14．Sunshine might be healthier than most people think，outweighing the risk of skin cancer．British doctors suggested last week and ran straight into a storm．The four researchers at Bristol University in western England were accused of weakening years of campaigning to warn people of the dangers of too much sun．Experts agree exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays （紫外线） increases the risk of skin cancer and accelerates the signs of aging．But in the British Medical Journal，the Bristol team led by Andrew Ness wrote，"There is evidence that the potential benefits of exposure to sunlight may outweigh the widely publicized negative effects on the incidence of skin cancer．"
Vitamin D，made in the body in reaction to sunlight，prevented rickets （软骨病） in children and was associated with a protective effect against heart disease．
Sunshine was also useful for treating certain skin conditions and there was evidence that it reduced the incidence of multiple sclerosis （硬化症）．There was also the"feel good effect of lying or sitting in the sun．"The researchers said it was too early to advise people to spend more time in the sun，but suggested the basis of the current advice to cover up should be reviewed．
"Perhaps，while we await the conclusions of such formal analyses，those of us who enjoy spending time in the sun can rest assured that the chance that we will be one of the people dying from the sun is small．"they added．
Their article was strongly criticized by health campaigners who claimed it was unbalanced and not backed by scientific evidence．Britain's Health Education Authority said skin cancer was the most common form of cancer in the country，with more than 50，000new cases diagnosed each year and more than 2，000people dying from the disease．It said treatment almost always required surgery and almost 50per cent of cases were fatal．The authority's skin cancer campaign manager Christopher New said，"We are very disappointed with this controversial article．It doesn't have enough supporting evidence and runs the risk of undoing many years of good health education．"

（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS）
78．According to the four researchers at Bristol University，exposure to sunshine． does more good than harm．
79．What does the author mean by saying"the British doctors ran straight into a storm"？their statement caused much criticism from the health campaigners/they were strongly criticized by authorities/their article aroused a heated debate．
80．The"good health education"reminds peoplethat sunshine may cause skin cancer/of the risk of being exposed to sunshine．．
81．People have not yet been able to reach an agreement onwhether sunshine is good for people or not．．

13．Being a normal，healthy nineteen-year-old，Rhona was in the habit of falling asleep the moment her head touched her pillow and not wakening up again until her mother called her at seven-thirty．
When she awoke that morning in the grey light of early dawn，she had no idea what had disturbed her．Then she imagined，or thought she imagined，a faint smell of smoke around her nostrils （鼻孔）．What was strange，though，was the very fact that she was wide awake and，according to her bedside clock，it was only a quarter to four．
She sat up，listening，alert．There was definitely a smell of burning．Rising quickly，she crossed to the window and opened it quietly，thinking it would be the remains of some garden bonfire．But it wasn't．She saw smoke and flames billowing out of a downstairs window next door．
Barefoot and in pyjamas，she ran first to her parents'room，opening their door to call，"Mum!Dad!There's a fire next door!"
Downstairs in a flash，she hurriedly dialed 999 and gave her name and address in clear，brief tones．By the time she had finished，Graeme，her elder brother，was coming running downstairs．
"You go to their front door-I'll go to the back，"she said to him．
As she banged on their neighbors'back door，she could hear a child crying in fear．Without stopping to think，Rhona lifted the large doorstop and smashed it through a glass panel，put her hand in and turned the key which opened the door．
Through the smoke she saw a drying screen hung with white washing and she grabbed at as many of the damp clothes as she could on her way past towards the stairs．Halfway up she met Mr Parker carrying the baby and she hurriedly gave him some wet towels before doing the same for Mrs Parker who was behind him leading two-year-old Clare by the hand．
"Crouch down as low as you can，"Rhona directed them as she took the child's other hand．Within a matter of seconds the family was safely outside．

66．Rhona woke up early in the morning becauseC．
A．her mother called her for an emergency
B．she heard a baby crying in fear downstairs
C．she smelt something burning in the air
D．the alarm clock rang as she set it
67．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？D
A．Rhona，together with her brother，Graeme，went to the Parkers'rescue．
B．The Parkers escaped from the burning house together．
C．Rhona broke into the house by back door after smashing the glass panel．
D．Rhona covered her mouth with the damp clothes before entering the Parkers'．
68．According to the article，Rhona can be best described asD．
A．alert and timid
B．courageous and stressed
C．panic and sympathetic
D．decisive and responsive
69．It can be inferred that when the fire broke out，B．
A．The Parkers were at a loss what to do
B．Rhona had a good knowledge of survival skills
C．Rhona showed the Parkers a safe fire escape
D．Rhona's parents helped to save the scared children．

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