题目内容

3.A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct species.The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants-the Asian elephant,African forest elephant and African savanna (热带草原) elephant.
Once they obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils,mammoths and mastodons,the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years.The separation of the two species took place around the time of the separation of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been a debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously,many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants'significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons,roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However,the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfred Roca,assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois,said,"We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation (保护) purpose.Since 1950all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals,the forest elephant should become a bigger priority for conservation purpose."

70.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that ofD.
A.the Asian elephant                  
B.the forest elephant
C.the savanna elephant                
D.the mastodon elephant
71.The researcher's conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant'sA.
A.DNA           B.height          C.weight        D.population
72.Alfred Roca's words were mainly aboutB.
A.the purpose of studying African elephants
B.the conservation of African elephants
C.the way to divide African elephants into two units
D.the reason for the distinction of African elephants
73.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?C
A.Naturalist's Belief about Elephants.
B.Amazing Experiment about Elephants.
C.An Unexpected Finding about Elephants.
D.A Long scientific Debate about Elephants.

分析 本文是一篇议论文,其论点是最近的一项对古代和现代大象的研究提出了一个意想不到的结论:既非洲象分为两个截然不同的品种.之后运用了论据加以证明,其中还引用了Alfred Roca的话,并提出了要对非洲象进行保护.

解答 70.D 细节理解题.由题干中的"fossils",再结合文中第二段的第一句:Once they obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils,mammoths and mastodons,the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.一旦他们从两个化石(猛犸象和乳齿象)获得DNA序列,团队就会比较现代大象的DNA.故选D.
71.A 细节理解题.根据文中倒数第二段的最后一句However,the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.题中conclusion,based on定位,与文中lay in 同义替换.故选A.
72.B 理解推断题.由题中的Alfred Roca's,找到文章的倒数第一段Since 1950all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals,the forest elephant should become a bigger priority for conservation purpose.再结合选项可知是关于对非洲大象的保护.故选B.
73.C 标题判断题.文章首句即点明主旨A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct species.故选C.

点评 考点:本文考察了学生的议论文型阅读理解,需要学生认真阅读原文,仔细查找文中细节,对文章脉络有整体的了解,能根据文章进行合理推断.

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16.Longer Lives for Wild Elephants
Most people think of zoos as safe places for animals,where struggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators don't exist.Without such problems,animals in zoos should live to a ripe old age.
But that may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth.Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health.They develop diseases,joint problems and behavior changes.Sometimes,they even become unable to have babies.
To learn more about how captivity(监禁) affects elephants,a team of international scientists compared the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands.Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care,documenting factors such as birth dates,illnesses,weight and death.These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40years of data on 800African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe.The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo-born elephants with the life spans of thousands of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps伐木场),over approximately the same time period.
The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of 16.9years.Their wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56years--more than three times as long.Female Asian elephants followed a similar pattern.In zoos,they lived 18.9years,while those in the logging camps lived 41.7years.
Scientists don't yet know why wild elephants seem to live so much better than their zoo-raised counterparts.Georgia Mason,a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study,thinks stress and obesity(肥胖) may be to blame.Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they would in the wild,and most are very fat.Elephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild,where they live in large herds and family groups.
Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild and brought to zoos.Mason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to survive.
The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos.While some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain healthy populations,that doesn't appear to be the case with elephants.

72.According to the first two paragraphs,unlike other zoo animals,zoo elephantsD.
A.have difficulty eating food.  B.1ive to a ripe old age.
C.are not afraid of predators.  D.develop health problems.
73.Which of the following about the international scientists'research on the life spans of elephants is NOT true?(See paragraph 3)?B
A.They compared zoo elephants with wild elephants.
B.They kept detailed records of all the elephants in their care.
C.They analyzed the records of the elephants kept in zoos.
D.The zoo-born elephants they studied are kept in European zoos.
74.What do the scientists find in their research?C
A.Female elephants live longer than male elephants.
B.Female zoo elephants live longer than their wild counterparts.
C.Female zoo elephants die much earlier than their wild counterparts.
D.Elephants in zoos and those in the wild enjoy the same long life spans.
75.Which of the following does the author suggest in the last paragraph?A
A.It may not be a wise policy to keep elephants in the zoo.
B.Elephants are no longer an endangered species.
C.Zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully.
D.Zoos should keep more animals except elephants.
1.Across countryside,non-food crops are growing alongside wheat.Some are used in new alternatives to plastics and other materials,but others will simply be burned.
Burning crops is becoming more popular because it is good for the planet.Doing so is also cheaper than burning fossil fuels.As more land is devoted to non-food crop production,the economics of crops for fuel are likely to become even more favorable.
Humans have been burning such biomass-organic materials from plants or animals-since they discovered fire.But that burning fossil fuels could have catastrophic consequences has brought biomass back into fashion.
Even allowing for emissions(排放) of carbon dioxide from fuel used in planting,harvesting,processing and transporting biomass fuel,replacing fossil fuel with biomass can typically reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 90per cent.
Power stations around the world are experimenting with forms of biomass to add to their coal or oil,with encouraging results.Indeed,power companies could profit by turning to biomass,especially when the subsidies(补助) many governments offer for using renewable energy are taken into account.
Farmers can benefit from growing biomass.In Europe,the reduction of subsidies for certain crops is exposing farmers to market forces.Instead of being paid for whatever they produce,farmers must seek a clear demand for their product.Many believe that the demand for alternatives to fossil fuels could be just such a driver.
But while biomass offers a variety of potential alternatives,the world's infrastructure(基础设施) has developed around burning fossil fuels to such a stage that switching to biomass involves a change in conception that many companies have not accepted.
Also,there are problems with using biomass.Although most coal-fired power stations could take a small amount of their fuel from biomass without significant adjustment,few are built to run on biomass alone.Burning some forms of biomass also causes environmental problems.Oils and waste can be smelly,while wood produces smoke unless burned properly.
The supply chains for fossil fuels are set up well,but those for biomass are just the beginning.Sources of supply for biomass rely on farm production and can therefore be less reliable.They are necessarily limited and it wouldn't make sense to turn a very large amount of valuable agricultural land away from food crops.But as the world adjusts to the need to control greenhouse gas emissions,these problems may receive more attention.

67.What do we know about biomass?C
A.It is a useful way of burning crops.
B.It is a new alternative to be used widely.
C.It is plant and animal matter used to provide power.
D.It is a popular approach to fighting against pollution.
68.What are the advantages of using biomass?D
a.It gives off less greenhouse gases.
b.It helps farmers receive subsidies for what they produce.
c.It has met the clear demand for energy.
d.It has brought subsidies for some power companies.
e.It is cheaper than burning fossil fuels.
A.a,b,c   B.b,c,d    C.c,d,e   D.d,e,a
69.For coal-fired power stations,C.
A.more effective ways to use biomass have been tried
B.using renewable energy has become their daily task
C.burning biomass alone would require considerable changes
D.setting up dependable supply channels needs governments'support
70.What is the author's attitude towards biomass fuels?A
A.Objective.B.Sceptical.C.Disapproving.D.Defensive.
15.Two-thirds of the world's major rivers have now been disrupted(中断)with more than 50,000 dams in an attempt to stole water and provide power.In the US,there are more than 85,000 dams,disrupting large and small rives,and in most cases transforming natural flow.The most famous of these,the Hoover Dam,constructed in the l930's,is mainly responsible for the fact that the Colorado River no longer reaches the ocean.
    Dams,besides all their attractive benefits,also have negative impacts.Creating a reservoir means a large area must be flooded.Communities may lose their land,houses and culturally impotent sites.
    Environmentally,the new reservoir can be a paradise for wildlife,especially birds.However,it can cause greenhouse gas emissions(排放)and poison the water for fish.Also,the dramatic rise and fall of water levels during dam releases is too extreme for plains and animals to cope with,resulting in dead zones around the shores of reservoirs.Fish that lay their eggs in the shallows,for example,may find a few hours later that those sites are high and dry.
    Dams don't just block water flow.They also prevent fish migrations,and are a barrier to sediment (沉淀物)flows.Instead of rushing downriver,sediments get backed up against the dam wall,which cause the reservoir level to increase over time.However,sediments which are rich in nutrients have become a problem.The fertility of the entire system can be influenced,with soils lost during seasonal rains not being replaced.
     Perhaps the biggest problem can be seen in deltas(三角洲),often host to large cities,which are sinking into the oceans.Groundwater is being extracted to feed the city,causing the urban weight to sink and sediments washed away by the ocean are no longer being replaced.The result is that sea level rise in cities from Shanghai to Alexandria.
51.What effects does creating a reservoir have on people's life?D
  a.People will see fewer birds near the rivers.
  b.Farmers below the dam may have less water to irrigate their fields
  c.Visitors can't see some cultural relics anymore.
  d.More conflicts and wars over water will break out
  e.More kinds of fish will become extinct in the future
  A.a,c    B.c,e    C.b,e   D.b,c
52.With many dams built across rivers,fish willB
  A.find more places to lay their eggs    B.face a more dangerous living habitat
  C.feed on more sediment rich in nutrients D.find it easier to deal with the rise of water
53.How can dams influence the cities like Shanghai?C
  A.Its entire system will be influenced.    B.The rainy season will last longer.
  C.It will lie below sea level in the future   D.Rich soils will be washed away
54.What does the text mainly talk about?A
  A.Environmental loss of dams.B.Cultural loss of dams
  C.Economical gain of dams      D.Environmental benefits of dams
55.Where can we most probably read this passage?C
    A.In a travel magazine     B.In a personal diary
    C.In a science report       D.In a biology textbook.
2.From my second grade on,there was one event I feared every year:the piano recital(独奏演唱会).A recital(36)BI had to practice a boring piece of music and perform before strangers.Each year I would ask my father if I could skip the recital"just this once".And each year he would shake his head,saying something about building(37)Aand working toward a goal.
One recent Sunday I stood in church,video camera in hand,and(38)Cmy 68-year-old father play the piano in his very first recital.
My father had longed to play music since childhood,but his family was poor and couldn't(39)Blessons.He could have gone on regretting it,(40)A too many of us do.But he wasn't stuck in the past.When he retired three years ago,he(41)Dhis church music director to take him as(42)C.
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"I'm(46)Dof him for starting something new at his age,"I said to my son Jeff.
"Yeah,and doing it so(47)A,"Jeff added.
With his first recital,my father taught me more about self-confidence and the life goal than all the words he used those 30-plus years ago.

36.A.reflectedB.meantC.explainedD.proved
37.A.self-confidenceB.self-controlC.self-defenseD.self-discipline
38.AkeptB.sentC.watchedD.felt
39.A.missB.affordC.selectD.understand
40.A.asB.onceC.ifD.while
41.A.allowedB.invitedC.inspiredD.persuaded
42.A.ateacherB.anoldmanC.astudentD.asinger
43.A.wordsB.videosC.notesD.lessons
44.A.predictedB.realizedC.imaginedD.insisted
45.A.passoverB.turnupC.bringinD.concentrateon
46.A.ashamedB.awareC.tiredD.proud
47.A.nicelyB.anxiouslyC.casuallyD.frequently

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