题目内容

【题目】Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’ s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.

The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.

【1】According to the first study, we mainly infer that .

A.the game is called Prisoner’s Dilemma

B.the less a group punished itself, the lower its earnings

C.adults are much more cooperative if rewarded

D.the game is introduced in the journal Science

【2】Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?

A.Children's IQs have much to do with physical punishment.

B.The study is about violence and cooperation of children.

C.The children tested were divided into groups of four.

D.Children's mental development only relies on their IQs.

【3】What does the underlined word "spanked" refer to?

A. Punished. B. Blamed. C. Tested. D. Praised.

【4】What might be the best title for the text?

A. The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

B. Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

C. Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

D. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

【答案】

【1】C

【2】A

【3】A

【4】D

【解析】

试题分析:文章主要介绍了两项研究的过程和研究成果。近期的两项研究显示,惩罚不是影响行为的最好方法。其中一项研究显示,成年人在一个基于奖励的机制中更具合作性。另一项研究表明,惩罚不利于孩子心智的发展。

【1】C推理判断题。A项太片面;文章没有提到最好的方法,排除B;D项不够具体;根据第二段“One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.”和第六段“of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知,研究表明,奖励能够促进合作,惩罚不利于孩子的心智发展,故选C。

【2】A推理判断题。根据带第六段“who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知,被父母体罚的孩子,他们的智商比没有受到体罚的孩子的低5分,根据最后一段“He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.”可知,孩子受到的惩罚越多,他们的心智发展得越慢。故选A。

【3】A猜测词义题。根据带第六段“who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知,被父母体罚的孩子,他们的智商比没有受到体罚的孩子的低5分,根据最后一段“He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.”可知,孩子受到的惩罚越多,他们的心智发展得越慢,说明划线词是“惩罚”的意思,故选B。

【4】D主旨大意题。B、D两项文中未提及;根据倒数第二段“of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”和最后一段“the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development”可知,惩罚不利于孩子的身心发展,排除C;根据第二段“adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards”和第六段“five points higher than those who were”可知,奖励能够促进合作,而惩罚不利于孩子心智的发展,只有A项与奖励有关,故选A。

练习册系列答案
相关题目

【题目】阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。

When milk arrived on the doorstep

When I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in then 1960s, we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep. His name was Mr. Basle. He wore a white cap and drove a white truck. As a five-year-old boy, I couldn’t take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt. He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer.

Of course, he delivered more than milk. There was cheese, eggs and so on. If we needed to change our order, my mother would pen a note –“Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery.” --and place it in the box along with the empty bottles. And then, the buttermilk would magically appear.

All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basle even had a key to our house, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors, so that the milk wouldn’t freeze. And I remember Mr. Basle from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.

There is sadly no home milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk, thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete. Besides, milk is for sale everywhere, and it may just not have been practical to have a delivery service.

Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. I took it home and planted it on the back porch (门廊). Every so often my son’s friends will ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.

【1】Mr. Basle gave the boy a quarter out of his changer .

A. to show his magical power

B. to pay for the delivery

C. to satisfy his curiosity

D. to please his mother

【2】What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy’s house?

A. He wanted to have tea there.

B. He was a respectable person.

C. He was treated as a family member.

D. He was fully trusted by the family.

【3】Why does home milk delivery no longer exist?

A. Nobody wants to be a milkman now.

B. It has been driven out of the market.

C. Its service is getting poor.

D. It is forbidden by law.

【4】Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?

A. He missed the good old days.

B. He wanted to tell interesting stories.

C. He needed it for his milk bottles.

D. He planted flowers in it.

【题目】As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being ______ from morning till night, it is hard to _________ down. But relaxation is necessary for a healthy mind and body.

Stress is a ______ part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. However, it is not the bad thing that is often supposed to be. A ________ amount of stress is important to provide motivation and give _______ to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ________ health.

The amount of stress a person can _________ depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously chief material for managerial responsibilities (经营责任). Others lose heart at the __________ of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and __________.

In fact, we make a choice between “fright and fight”. And in more __________ days the choices made the difference between life and ________. The crises we meet today are _______ to be so extreme, but however __________ the stress is, it requires the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress, that ________ becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart diseases have established links with ________. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.

【1】A. angry B. busy C. well D. happy

【2】A. slow B. calm C. get D. turn

【3】A. physical B. natural C. hard D. terrible

【4】A. small B. certain C. large D. great

【5】A. purpose B. resource C. influence D. instruction

【6】A. ill B. good C. strong D. weak

【7】A. hear B. see C. bear D. meet

【8】A. end B. site C. sight D. impression

【9】A. physically B. mentally C. economically D. spiritually

【10】A. modern B. difficult C. ancient D. different

【11】A. work B. hardship C. unhappiness D. death

【12】A. unlikely B. likely C. necessary D. probable

【13】A. great B. little C. big D. late

【14】A. situation B. trouble C. health D. number

【15】A. stress B. illness C. bitter D. happiness

【题目】Whether we’re 2 years old or 62, our reasons for lying are mostly the same: to get out of trouble, for personal gain and to make ourselves look better in the eyes of others. But a growing body of research is raising questions about how a child’s lie is different from an adult’s lie, and how the way we deceive changes as we grow.

“Parents and teachers who catch their children lying should not be alarmed. Their children are not going to turn out to be abnormal liars,” says Dr. Lee, a professor at the University of Toronto and director of the Institute of Child Study. He has spent the last 15 years studying how lying changes as kids get older, why some people lie more than others as well as which factors can reduce lying. The fact that children tell lies is a sign that they have reached a new developmental stage. Dr. Lee conducted a series of studies in which they bring children into a lab with hidden cameras. Children and young adults aged 2 to 17 are likely to lie while being told not to look at a toy, which is put behind the child’s back. Whether or not the child takes a secret look is caught on tape.

For young kids, the desire to cheat is big and 90% take a secret look in these experiments. When the test-giver returns to the room, the child is asked if he or she looked secretly. At age 2, about a quarter of children will lie and say they didn’t. By 3, half of kids will lie, and by 4, that figure is 90%, studies show.

Researchers have found that it’s kids with better understanding abilities who lie more. That’s because to lie you also have to keep the truth in mind, which includes many brain processes, such as combining several sources of information and faking that information. The ability to lie — and lie successfully — is thought to be related to development of brain regions that allow so called “executive functioning”, or higher order thinking and reasoning abilities. Kids who perform better on tests that involve executive functioning also lie more.

【1】What’s the purpose of children telling lies?

A. To help their friends out.

B. To get rid of trouble.

C. To get attention from others.

D. To create a popular image.

【2】The underlined word “deceive” in Paragraph 1 can be replaced by “ ”.

A. tell lies B. handle troubles

C. raise questions D. do research

【3】From the second paragraph we can know that .

A. which factors can reduce lying

B. why some lie more than others

C. it is normal for kids to tell lies

D. how lying changes as kids grow

【4】 It can be inferred from the passage that .

A. children’s lies are the same as adults’

B. the better kids are, the more they lie

C. the older kids are, the more they lie

D. kids always keep the truth in their mind

【5】 What is NOT included in the passage?

A. The reasons why kids tell lies.

B. Which kind of kids tells more lies.

C. Experiments about lying of young kids.

D. What to do with lying children.

违法和不良信息举报电话:027-86699610 举报邮箱:58377363@163.com

精英家教网