题目内容

12.Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.
    One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.Researchers at Harvard University in the United States did the study.They had about 200 college students play a game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma.The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group.
The students played in groups of four.Each player could win points for the group,so they would all gain equally.But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players,at a cost to the punisher.
Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation.The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least.
And the more a group punished itself,the lower its earnings.The group with the most punishment earned 25% less than the group with the least punishment.
The other study involved children.Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups.More than 800 children were ages two to four the first time they were tested.More than 700 children were ages five to nine.
The two groups were retested four years later,and the study compared the results with the first test.Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.
The study says the IQs-or intelligence quotients-of the younger children who were not spanked(掴)were five points higher than those who were.In the older group,the difference was almost three points.
Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire has written extensively about physical punishment of children.He says the more they are spanked,the slower their mental development.He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.
67.Which of the following is True about the game mentioned in the first paragraph?C
A.Prisoners are more interested in the first game than the university students.
B.The game is very popular with the students in Harvard University in the United States.
C.The game is played to test whether people are more cooperative on the basis of rewards.
D.The game is played in order to encourage the students to cooperate.
68.The underlined part in the third paragraph means the punisher will have toB.
A.lose some of his money              
B.lose some of the points
C.lose all the points of the group         
D.gain the points of the punished
69.What does the result of the first experiment imply?A
A.Rewards encourage better cooperation than punishments.
B.Individual interests are always a challenge to the group.
C.Four members will work better in one group.
D.The group that punished most gained nothing eventually.
70.What do we know about the second experiment in the passage?A
A.The whole experiment,including two tests,lasted four years.
B.Physical punishment was employed only in the younger group.
C.Children in both groups have acquired same IQ development.
D.No physical punishment was used in the younger group.

分析 文章主要介绍了两项研究的过程和研究成果.近期的两项研究显示,惩罚不是影响行为的最好方法.其中一项研究显示,成年人在一个基于奖励的机制中更具合作性.另一项研究表明,惩罚不利于孩子心智的发展.

解答 67-70.CBAA
67题答案:C考查细节推理,根据第二段的One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.一项研究显示,成年人在一个基于奖励的机制中更具合作性.由此可知该游戏的目的是为了测试在奖励机制下人们是否会更加合作,故本题答案为C选项.
68题答案:B考查细节推理,结合文章第三段的Each player could win points for the group,so they would all gain equally.每位选手都能为小组赢得分数,这样他们的分数都是一样的.可知后面的划线部分"惩罚者要付出一定代价"可知这里的代价指的是"惩罚者会因为惩罚他人而失去一些分数",故本题答案为B选项.
69题答案:A考查细节推理,第一个实验的结果表明:奖励最多的组比奖励最少的组得分高两倍,惩罚最多的组比惩罚最少的组得分少25%.由此可知奖励机制比惩罚机制更有助于激发合作,故本题答案为A选项.
70题答案:A考查细节推理,根据文章倒数第三段的The two groups were retested four years later.(四年后这两组又进行了再测试)可知包含两次测试在内的试验持续了四年,故本题答案为A选项.

点评 本文是一篇科教类阅读,题目涉及多道细节理解题,做题时结合原文和题目有针对 性找出相关语句进行仔细分析,结合选项选出正确答案.推理判断也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确的答案.

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2.Good news!Job offered.
Receptionist Administration
Full Time
A receptionist is required from 1st June 2015at Dartford Science & Technology College.The position is only from 8:30am to 4:30pm Monday to Thursday and 8:30am to 4:00pm Friday,with an hour's break for lunch every day.The successful applicant must have a good telephone manner,good interpersonal skills and proficient IT skills.
Cleaner
Part Time,Term Time
We are seeking to appoint a hardworking person to join our cleaning team.Previous experience would be an advantage but it is not essential.10hours per week are required during term time and the extra 3weeks are added in the summer holidays or as directed by the Business Manager to ensure the needs of the school are met.
Closing date 12th May 2015,12noon.Please return the completed application forms to the school.
Science Technician
Term time plus 10days,37hours per week
We are looking for a technician to provide a technical support service for science teaching staff.Applications are to be received no later than midnight on 10thJune 2015.
Health & Social Care Teacher
Our client,an 11-18mixed comprehensive school in Ealing,West London,is currently seeking a teacher for Health & Social Care.The position will be a full-time post until July 2015.We require an energetic teacher to develop the learning potential of students.We are seeking someone with excellent subject knowledge who can combine academic strictness and achievement with enjoyment of teaching Health & Social Care.
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28.The receptionist to be employed will workD.
A.20hours a week   B.37hours a week   C.39.5hours a week   D.34.5hours a week
29.To work as a cleaner,you mustB.
A.work full-time   
B.hand in the application form before 12noon on May 12th 2015
C.have previous working experience        
D.work the whole summer holidays
30.C is needed in a school in Ealing,West London.
A.a full-time science teacher
B.a teacher with the ability to get along with people
C.a teacher with excellent knowledge about Health & Social Care
D.a technician who can provide a technical support service
31.The text is most likely to appearA.
A.on the Internet    B.in a novel   C.in a magazine     D.in a newspaper.
3.Perfume (香水) has been in existence for a long time.These days,certain perfumes are considered comparable to great works of art.Here are a few of the most famous perfumes in history.
Chanel No.5
This perfume is probably the best-selling scent (气味) in the history of fragrance (香水).Created by Ernst Beaux for Coco Chanel in 1921,it has been described as"the world's most legendary fragrance",and remains the company's most famous perfume.
Shalimar
Jacques Guerlain created this vanilla fragrance in 1925.The perfume takes its name from the Garden of Shalimar,which was built by Emperor Shah Jehan for one of his wives.It was an immediate hit in 1925and is still extremely popular today.
Joy
Joy is famous for having been the most expensive perfume in the world at one point.It was created in 1930by Henri Alméras for Jean Patou to lift the bad mood that had swept over the world after the 1929stock market crash.
L'Air duTemps
Francis Farbon created Nina Ricci's L'Air du Temps in 1948.The fragrance is known for its spicy,carnation and gardenia scents as well as its beautiful crystal bottle (designed by Lalique).
Eternity
Calvin Klein's second perfume was created by Sophia Grojsman in 1988.Known for its light,flowery scent,the perfume was listed in the Fragrance Hall of Fame in 2003.It is recommended for daytime wear.
Angel
This wildly popular perfume was created in 1992by Olivier Cresp for Thierry Mugler.The perfume was an instant success.The perfume has often been described as"delicious",owing to its chocolaty scent.The perfume comes in beautiful star-shaped bottles.Angel perfume also comes in several bath and body products.

56.Who created Joy?A
A.Henri Alméras.    B.Jean Patou.
C.Sophia Grojsman.  D.Jacques Guerlain.
57.Which of the following perfumes is known for its wonderful crystal bottle?C
A.Shalimar.         B.Chanel No.5      
C.L'Air du Temps.  D.Eternity.
58.The Angel perfume has been described as delicious because ofD.
A.its spicy scent                B.its special bottle design
C.its vanilla scent              D.its chocolatey scent
59.Which of the following statements is TRUE?B
A.Emperor Shah Jehan created the Shalimar perfume for one of his wives.
B.Joy was created to cheer people up after the stock market crash.
C.Lalique created Nina Ricci's L'Air du Temps in 1948.
D.Eternity was listed into the Fragrance Hall of Fame in 1988.
60.Where can you probably see this article?D
A.In a textbook.         B.In the newspaper.
C.In a travel magazine.  D.In a fashion magazine.
20.Community Affairs Calendar Today's Events
*Open Plans---Fixing the Great Mistake
6:00p.m.,Center for Architecture,Tafel Hall 536LaGuardia Place,Manhattan
Advocate for livable streets and alternative transportation,Mark Gorton explores the history of transportation in New York City with a focus on how urban planning policies that prioritize (优先考虑) the automobile have affected many other aspects of life in the city.
Admission:﹩10
For more information,please call 917-388-9080or visit www.ftgm.eventbrite.com.
*River to River Festival---Extraordinary Moves:STREB Human Fountain
6:00p.m.,200Vesey Street,Manhattan
Inspired by the Bellagio Fountains in Las Vegas,Human Fountain involves performers leaping from as high as 30feet from a three-story,open honeycomb structure in order to create cascades (小瀑布) of airborne liquid muscle.The outcome is a mixture of slam dancing,amazing human flight,and wild action sport,which captures kids,adults and the general public's hearts,minds and bodies.
FREE
For more information,please call 212-945-0505or visit www.streb.org.
*Scandinavia House---Nordic Summer Jam
6:30p.m.,58Park Avenue,Manhattan
Contemporary singer and songwriter Anders Holst's music shows roots in jazz,soul and European pop music.
Admission:﹩10
For more information,please call 212-847-9740or visit www.scandinaviahouse.org.
*Hot Festival---Tickets to Manhood
7:30p.m.,Dixon Place,161A Chrystie Street,Manhattan
What makes a man today?How do boys grow into men?Through humorous,poignant (令人心酸的) stories a glimpse is offered into the events that turn boys into men.Performed by Douglas Allen,Maximiliano Balduzzi,Spencer Scott Barros,Gerard Joseph and James Scruggs.
Admission:﹩15in advance;﹩18at door.
For more information,please call 212-219-0736or visit www.hot festival.org.

66.If Jesse wants to know more about an activity without admission charge,he canD.
A.visit www.ftgm.eventbrite.com     B.visit www.scandinaviahouse.org
C.call 212-219-0736                   D.call 212-945-0505
67.If a couple with two children wants to enjoy the evening together,they can go toC.
A.Tafel Hall 536LaGuardia Place      B.161A Chrystie Street
C.200Vesey Street                     D.58Park Avenue
68.Who might you meet if you happen to be walking on 58Park Avenue at 6:30p.m.?B
A.Mark Gorton.        B.Anders Holst.
C.Douglas Allen.       D.Gerard Joseph.
69.Two 18-year-olds who have booked in advance to learn the events that turn boys into men should payB.
A.﹩20           B.﹩30            C.﹩33            D.﹩36
70.What can we learn about the four activities?A
A.They will be all held in Manhattan.
B.They will be all held in the open air.
C.They are all for educational purposes.
D.They will all invite one or more famous persons.
7.HOLIDAY HOMES IN MALLORCA
  Holiday houses in Mallorca sailing and fishing port-quiet even in summer season.Beautifully situated houses with sights of sea and mountains,yet near to shops and restaurants.Cars and bicycles for hire.Sailing and sports clubs nearby.
ITALY IN COMFORT
  Luxury coach(-carriage) trips of Italy,out of normal holiday season.21days to visit five Italian cities starting from London 1st May,1st September.The trips are guided by professor Martin Davis.Head of Italian Studies,London University.See the arts and culture of historic Italy.
KIBBUTZ HOLIDAYS IN ISRAEL(以色列)
  Working holidays on a kibbutz( co-operative farm) in Israel.All nationalities welcome for one to three months,if prepared to work morning with kibbutz members.Accommodation (住宿),food and trips to historic sights all provided free-you pay only for the special low-cost return flight.
TWO WEEKS ON A CARIBBEAN ISLAND
  Two-week holidays in the Hotel Splendid,on a lovely beach with golden sands and deep-blue sea.Tennis,golf,sailing and all water sports,trips around the island arranged.Near to town of Castries with lively evening entertainment-dancing.
  1st November-31st March=£720 per person
  1st April-30th October=£850 per person
  Jack and his wife Mary,who have recently retired,want to see places of cultural and historic interest abroad,but Mary hates flying.
  Peter and Maria,university students,want to travel as far as possible on little money,and would like to get to know a country by working there for three months with other young people.
  Michael,a young computer programmer,has been working hard and needs a holiday to relax in winter.He would like to go somewhere warmer and sunny,where he can swim in the sea,and he enjoys sports and dancing.
  Herry and Kate,both teachers,and their two sons,have to take their holiday during the school summer holidays.There must be plenty for the boys to do,although Harry and Kate just want to have beautiful scenery,good food and wine-and peace.
66.Michael would most probably go toDfor his holiday.
A.Italy       B.Israel           C.Mallorca        D.a Caribbean island
67.The most suitable place where Peter and Maria can enjoy their holiday would  beB 
A.an Italian city                 B.a kibbutz in Israel
C.a Caribbean island            D.the port in Mallorca
68.The best holiday for Jack and Mary would beA.
A.the 21-day coach trip of Italy
B.the 2-week stay in the Hotel Splendid
C.the 14-day trip around a Caribbean island
D.the working holidays for 1-3 months on a kibbutz in Israel
69.Harry and Kate and their sons would likeC.
A.a holiday working on a kibbutz in Israel
B.a holiday visiting cities by coach in Italy
C.a holiday house in the fishing port in Mallorca
D.a holiday hotel on a lovely beach on a Carribean Island
70.You can find this passage most probably inB.
A.a school library          B.a tourist agency
C.the post office           D.the museum.
17.Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older,but men's minds decline(衰退) more than women's,according to the results of a worldwide survey.
    Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains:men are better at dealing with mental images (useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial (三维空间) skills),while women tend to be better at recalling information from their memories (helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects).
    Many studies have looked for a connection between sex and the amount of mental decline people experience as they age,but the results have been mixed.
    Some studies found more age-related decline in men than in women,while others saw the opposite or even no relationship at all between sex and mental decline.Those results could be improper because the studies involved older people,and women live longer than men.The men tested are the survivors,"so they're the ones that may not have shown such cognitive (认知的) decline,"said study team leader Elizabeth of the University of Warwick in England.
    People surveyed completed four tasks that tested sex-related cognitive skills:matching an object to its rotated (旋转的) form,matching lines shown from the same angle,typing as many words in a particular collection as possible in the given time,e.g."objects usually colored gray",and recalling the location of objects in a line drawing.The first two were tasks which men are usually good at; the latter are almost controlled by women.
    Within each age group studied,men and women performed better in their separate task on average.Generally speaking,women showed obviously less decline than men though performance declined with age for both sexes.
71.The underlined word"inherent"in the second paragraph meansC.
A.difficult            B.native               C.natural          D.absolute
72.Which of the following tasks are men better at?A
A.Matching lines shown from the same angle.
B.Typing as many words in a particular category as possible•
C.Recalling the location of objects in a line drawing.
D.Recalling information from their brain's files.
73.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?D
A.Men are good at typing words in a particular category in the given time.
B.Women are good at dealing with mathematic problems.
C.Men do better than women when it comes to learning English.
D.Women stand out at remembering people's names.
74.What important factor affects the correctness of the research results?C
A.People tested come from all over the world.B.Men live longer than women.
C.the old men tested may not have shown such cognitive (认知的) decline.
D.The researchers got their results mixed.
75.The author aims to tell us thatB.
A.the survey on human's mind decline was done recently   
B.men's minds decline more with age
C.everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older
D.women's minds perform better than men's.
4.It is not a good idea to stop the actor Richard Griffiths in the middle of a play.During the past year he had stopped performances many times at the National Theatre when mobile phones rang,and he threw out one member of the audience because she failed to turn off her phone.
So when a mobile rang out for the third time during his performance in Alan Bennett's The History Boys,he spoke angrily to the theatergoer,"I am not going to compete with these electronic devices (装置)."
Griffiths'actions led to a debate in the UK theatre world over whether phones should be forbidden by law from British theatres.Actors have already asked the govern-
ment to legalize the use of an electronic device that stops mobile phone signals in theatres.
Technology companies have"stopping"devices that send out a high-powered signal on the same frequency as a mobile phone,stopping the mobile phone signals.
However,these are forbidden in many countries because they might stop emergency (紧急情况) calls from being made.
Rosemary Squire,president of the Society of West End Theatre,said,"Phones are one of the biggest problems theatres face.We should look at equipment that could stop phones or make a London-wide theatre rule."
Nick Allott,the managing director of Sir Cameron Mackintosh's theatre group,said,"We would all welcome some ways of keeping phones from ringing but doctors and emergency workers need to be connected in a theatre and we mustn't stop that."What can we do to solve the problem?
66.The first two paragraphs are written toC.
A.tell us some information about the famous actor Griffiths
B.introduce the topic of whether or not to forbid phones in theatres
C.blame Griffiths for his rude behavior
D.give us advice on mobile phone use
67.What can we know from the second paragraph?B
A.Surely Griffiths did better than mobile phones in the theatre.
B.Griffiths didn't want mobile phones to affect his performance.
C.Griffiths was jealous that mobile phones attracted the audience's attention.
D.Griffiths taught theatergoers a lesson in the performance as a teacher.
68.According to the passage,"stopping"devicesC.
A.have the same functions as mobile phones
B.cause the biggest problem theatres have to face
C.prevent the mobile phones signals from being received
D.help doctors or emergency workers receive emergency calls
69.According to Nick Allott,D.
A."stopping"devices can make the sound of mobile phones disappear
B.no one except doctors and emergency workers should have mobile phones
C.phones are one of the biggest problems theatres face
D.We can't totally stop the use of phones in theatres.
70.What is the passage probably going to talk about next?C
A.Griffiths'next performance in theatres.
B.The opinions the public has about the problem.
C.The ways to solve the cellphone problem in public places.
D.The harm mobile phones do to people.
1.The right name is important in the business world.All you have to do is think of the names for some of the products you buy every day and you'll agree that the name and the product are connected in everyone's mind.
In many countries,successful trade or brand names are protected by law.This is so that other companies cannot make a product that looks like another.People might think that they were buying one product and,in fact,be buying something different.Businesses register a company or a product name with the government.In fact,more than 1,000 product and company names are registered every hour.Many companies spend a lot of money to find the right name for their products.A good example of this is in the car industry.Some successful names for cars have powerful associations.The Ford Mustang and the Jaguar are only two examples of choosing the names of animals that are fast and strong.
When a U.S.company decides to sell its product in another country,it has to make sure that the product name translates properly.When Coca-Cola introduced its soft drink to China,it looked for the right name.It wanted a name that would do two things.One was to present its image in Chinese and the second was to be close to its first brand name-Coke.It took some efforts before finding the right word-which sounds similar and translates as"happiness in the mouth".Asian company names are not new to the United States.The brand names of Samsung and Sony have been successful.Finding the right brand name is a big business.Asian companies that sell to foreign markets pay to find a name that will connect with its customers.There are even naming companies that specialize in inventing product names.These companies can charge up to $ 100,000 a word for their creations.But it's worth it.Successful companies know how important the right brand names are for their development.
59.Why are trade names protected by law in many countries?D
A.To make companies pay for naming service.
B.To help people choose the best products.
C.To present good images of the products.
D.To prevent products from being copied.
60.What can we learn from the passage?B
A.Many companies care about the cost of finding the right names.
B.Creative trade names can help companies to have a larger sale.
C.The government often does business with naming companies.
D.It is considered necessary for cars to be named after animals.
61.What's the best title for the passage?A
A.The Business of Names
B.The Development of Names
C.The Rules of Naming Business
D.The Methods of Choosing Names.
2.A blue hole is a flooded sea cave with a hole that opens up at the land's surface.These cave systems form in carbonate rock,often on islands.Some blue holes have very special rock formations and water chemistry.Far below sea level,they contain some of the harshest environments on Earth,with no oxygen and no light.Yet these areas are filled with life forms that have adapted to the extreme conditions.
Information gathered from these blue holes is helping scientists to increase their understanding of biology,archaeology and geology.But exploring these blue hole environments brings danger as well as discovery.
Blue holes get their name from the color some have when seen from the air.The color is usually a reflection of the sky on the water.But not all of these cave systems have blue surfaces.Some contain dark or muddy water.
Blue holes are the result of erosion in which water breaks down rock.Rain falling thousands of years ago contained chemicals which slowly wore away at the limestone landmass.These holes were later filled with sea water as the sea level changed.The rising and falling of sea levels and the mixture of salt and fresh water further wore away at these cave formations.Blue holes are vertical caves.But they can also have horizontal cave formations that may be hundreds of meters long.
These flooded cave systems can be found in the ocean,or they can be found inland.Ocean caves are affected by tides,so they always have water movement.But blue holes on land are very still.They have several layers of water,chemicals,and bacteria.The top layer of fresh water comes from rainfall.This layer acts like a cap on top of the layered mixture,and keeps out oxygen from the atmosphere.The fresh water floats on a denser layer of saltwater.Underneath this is a layer of poisonous hydrogen sulfide,produced by bacteria living in the water.Underneath this layer is anoxic seawater--water that does not contain any oxygen.
Underwater caves are probably one of the least explored ecosystems on the planet.One reason blue holes have not been fully explored is that they can be extremely dangerous.There are many safety rules that divers must follow to help ensure their survival.
First,divers must have training and experience to swim in these caves.Those who explore a cave for the first time must establish a thin rope called a guideline.This line helps them to safely enter and bring more than one set of breathing equipment in case one device fails.Meanwhile,they must pay careful attention to their air supply.The rule is to use a third of their air to enter the cave,a third to exit,and a third for emergencies.
    For most explorers,though,the possibility of discovery in these cave environments makes the experience worth the risk.You can jump into what looks like an insignificant little hole in the ground,and come out with information that's of value to many different disciplines,Scientists are interested in these caves because oxygen-free conditions there are similar to those on Earth long ago,before oxygen existed on our planet.,as well as similar to space.
50.According to the Passage,blue holesB.
A.are now a popular choice for tourists
B.are flooded caves found mostly on islands
C.have appeared as rocks pile up year by year
D.can give off bright blue light deep in the caves
51.It can be inferred front the passage thatD.
A.quantities of advanced life forms exist in blue boles
B.blue holes are not fully explored due to their low value
C.blue holes are vertical caves because of strong currents
D.the chemicals in the rain lead to the formation of blue caves
52.The fifth paragraph mainly talks aboutA.
A.two different types of blue holes    
B.how a blue hole comes into being
C.why scientists are interested in blue holes       
D.rules for divers exploring blue holes
53.When exploring blue holes,divers mustD.
A.have a thin rope as a guideline anytime           
B.wear glasses in case of bright blue light
C.swim as quickly as possible to save time          
D.learn to make good use of their air supply
54.The exploration of blue holes can help usB.
A.discover moue energy resources  
B.understand the origin of life on Farth
C.learn about the movements of seawater
D.get ready for the exploration of the ocean.

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