题目内容
1．Nowadays，more and more people are unable to sleep due to various of reasons．What will you do if you have trouble going to sleep？Try a glass of warm milk，still no luck？Try counting sheep，"one，two，three…"It is late but you are still awake．Are you supposed to take a sleeping pill？No，because if you take it，you will probably depend on the drugs．So you lie awake all night hoping that the new workday will arrive soon．
A new study has found that you might fall asleep quicker and stay asleep longer if you try"cerebral hypothermia．"No，cerebral hypothermia is not a complex medical process．It just means cooling down your brain．Eric Nofzinger and Daniel Buysse of the University of Pittsburgh Medical School led the study．They examined 12people who had insomnia．Twelve others had no sleep problems．Each of them wore a soft plastic cap on their heads at bed time，which had tubes （管子） inside filled with water．
The first two nights of testing，the patients wore no water caps．During the next two nights，the caps were worn，but the water was not cooled．Then the researchers cooled the water a little for two nights．On the final two nights of the study，the temperature of the water was made much cooler．
The researchers found that the water caps did not help the insomnia patients until the temperature was about 14℃．Most of the patients fell asleep faster and slept better when the coolest water was moving around their heads．
Dr．Nofzinger and Dr．Buysse noted that this was only the beginning of the brain temperature study．But they believe they have discovered something important that needs more research．They presented their test results in June at a meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies in Minneapolis，Minnesota．
21．What do we know about the study？A
A．Half of the people studied had trouble in sleeping
B．The researchers wore the cap every night．
C．The caps were made of cloth．
D．The study lasted six nights．
22．The underlined word"insomnia"in Paragraph 2probably meansB．
A．carelessness
B．sleeplessness
C．loneliness
D．tiredness
23．Dr Nofzinger and Dr Buysse agreed thatC．
A．people can sleep better by wearing caps．
B．the water caps worked if the water was frozen
C．more research should be done．
D．the researchers finished the study in June．
24．What is the main idea of the passage？A
A．Cooling the brain may help people sleep．
B．Taking sleeping pills is not good for health．
C．Water helps people get up easily．
D．Many people can't sleep well at night．
分析 本文主要观点是14摄氏度的凉水可以帮助人们睡眠，不过研究还有待进一步完善．
解答 21-24 ABCA
21．A 推断题．由第二段第五六句 They examined 12 people who had insomnia．Twelve others had no sleep problems 可知，研究了12个有睡眠问题和12个没有睡眠问题的人，故A项正确．由第三段第一句 The first two nights of testing，the patients wore no water caps 可知，戴帽子的是被实验者，而不是调查者，故B项错误．由第二段最后一句 Each of them wore a soft plastic cap on their heads at bed time…可知，帽子是塑料的而不是布的，故C项错误．由第四段表示时间的词组 The first two nights of testing，During the next two nights，Then…for two nights，On the final two nights of the study 可以推断出，这项研究共持续了八天，故D项错误．故正确答案为A．
22．B 推断题．由第二段第五六句 They examined 12 people who had insomnia．Twelve others had no sleep problems 可以推断，后一句表明剩下的12个没有睡眠问题，所以可以猜测前12个是有睡眠问题的，即失眠的人，以此作为研究的对比因素．carelessness 意为"粗心"，loneliness 意为"孤独"，tiredness 意为"疲惫"，均不符合文意．故正确答案为B，
23．C 推断题．由第四段第一句 The researchers found that the water caps did not help the insomnia patients until the temperature was about 14℃可知，只有帽子温度在14摄氏度左右时，才会对睡眠产生影响，所以A错误．由第四段第一句 The researchers found that the water caps did not help the insomnia patients until the temperature was about 14℃可知，如果水冰冻了达到0摄氏度，帽子就不会起作用了，故B错误．由第五段第二句 But they believe they have discovered something important that needs more research 可知，他们的研究需要进一步的调查才能得到重要的结论，故C正确．由第五段第三句 They presented their test results in June at a meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies in Minneapolis，Minnesota 可知，他们在六月对结果进行了汇报，不代表研究是在六月完成的，故D错误．故正确答案为C．
24．A 主旨题．通读全文可以发现，第一段主要说明越来越多人开始失眠，第二段指出有一项通过特制帽子探究影响睡眠因素的研究，第三段描述了研究的过程，第四段说明了研究的结论：14摄氏度的凉水可以帮助人们睡眠，最后一段提出研究还有待进一步完善．综合全文可以推断，本文主要观点是14摄氏度的凉水可以帮助人们睡眠．故正确答案为A．
点评 做阅读时经常犯错的主要原因是，仅凭读过文章后残留在脑海中的一丝印象来勾选答案，这样便很容易掉入出题人故意设布下的题目陷阱．所谓阅读理解，对于题目的理解一定要忠实于原文，因此，每一道题都应该与原文作全面的对比与核查，再得出答案．也就是说，阅读理解的每一道题目，在原文都应该有明确的出处，我们把这一出处叫做原文相关句，（1）排除与原文相关句主题不一致的选项（2）排除与原文相关句态度相反的选项 （3）排除用于过于极端或负面的选项（4）注意结合文章主旨和主题去排除．
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16．
There's nothing that will ruin your day faster than being stuck in a traffic jam all morning，and it's even worse when there's （41）seemingly no reason for it．There's a lot of interesting science behind traffic，though，and while understanding it might not make sitting in it any better，it can teach you how to avoid some of the mistakes we all make behind the wheel．
1．The way we merge （合并） causes problems
Whether you're merging from the left or the right，（42）chances are good that you're doing it wrong and causing all sorts of problems．When most people see that they need to merge，their first （43）instinct is to do it right away．They brake，slow down，speed up，and change lanes in between oncoming traffic．According to the Minnesota department of Transportation，that's completely wrong．Sudden （44）slowing causes traffic to back up，a problem that's made worse by sudden lane changes and other cars braking to （45）accommodate the merging traffic．
So what should you do？Exactly what you probably blame drivers for doing：waiting until the last minute．If you do that，traffic will fall into a more natural pattern called a"zipper merge"，meaning there are no surprises，no sudden braking，and a smoother transition from one lane to another，which cuts down on backups．This does，of course，rely on other drivers to let you in at the last minute and be polite enough not to cut you off，which causes all sorts of other problems．
=2．You are causing the traffic Jams you hate
Traffic jams have long been chalked up to （取决于） the （46）volume of traffic on the roads，but it turns out that even heavy traffic can （47）flow smoothly if people maintain a （48）constant speed．The problem is that we can't．Researchers have found that just one person even slightly stepping on their brakes can have a terrible effect on the traffic around them．
On even （49）moderately busy road，it can be only a few minutes for traffic to a complete halt behind someone who （50）tapped their brakes to let another driver merge．The standstill usually occurs several minutes after the braking，well after the person that causes the problem in the first place has gone on his way．
| A．moderately B．chances C．accommodate D．volume E．conflicting F．flow G．constant H．tapped I．instinct J．seemingly K．slowing |
1．The way we merge （合并） causes problems
Whether you're merging from the left or the right，（42）chances are good that you're doing it wrong and causing all sorts of problems．When most people see that they need to merge，their first （43）instinct is to do it right away．They brake，slow down，speed up，and change lanes in between oncoming traffic．According to the Minnesota department of Transportation，that's completely wrong．Sudden （44）slowing causes traffic to back up，a problem that's made worse by sudden lane changes and other cars braking to （45）accommodate the merging traffic．
So what should you do？Exactly what you probably blame drivers for doing：waiting until the last minute．If you do that，traffic will fall into a more natural pattern called a"zipper merge"，meaning there are no surprises，no sudden braking，and a smoother transition from one lane to another，which cuts down on backups．This does，of course，rely on other drivers to let you in at the last minute and be polite enough not to cut you off，which causes all sorts of other problems．
=2．You are causing the traffic Jams you hate
Traffic jams have long been chalked up to （取决于） the （46）volume of traffic on the roads，but it turns out that even heavy traffic can （47）flow smoothly if people maintain a （48）constant speed．The problem is that we can't．Researchers have found that just one person even slightly stepping on their brakes can have a terrible effect on the traffic around them．
On even （49）moderately busy road，it can be only a few minutes for traffic to a complete halt behind someone who （50）tapped their brakes to let another driver merge．The standstill usually occurs several minutes after the braking，well after the person that causes the problem in the first place has gone on his way．
10．An interview with Benno Nigg，the sports scientist
76．D
Nigg's Answer：That is a little bit overstated．But the literature shows that shoes are a minor player in injury development．If you take a group of people and want to injure them，send them out every day for a 20-kilometre run．A lot of them will be injured in three weeks．The major factors are the distance run，the intensity and recovery time，not the shoes．
77．B
Nigg's Answer：The problem is that if you go to a store and want to find your best shoes，you don't know what to do．Things that are sometimes done，like video analysis of your rear foot movement，may not help．The only way to assess whether a shoe is right for you is how it feels．If you feel comfortable in a shoe，it's likely to be good for you．
78．C
Nigg's Answer：A shoe may act as a training device，making some muscles to function more effectively for a majority of users．Or it may use materials that last longer．That may have something to do with its price．However，for the average runner it is difficult to distinguish between actual functional designs and unnecessary features．Generally，the more a shoe controls movement，the more it acts like a cast，which means you lose some muscle strength，and your feet are more likely to be injured．
79．F
Nigg's Answer：Yes，for about 80per cent of people．The major benefits are training the small muscles crossing the ankle joint，and a reduction of knee and lower back pain．However，some claims for these unstable shoes are overstated，such as the general muscle strengthening that they are claimed to produce．
80．E
Nigg's Answer：There are claims that there are fewer injuries when you run barefoot，but there is not yet enough evidence，or enough research，to prove that．If you look at performance，most papers suggest an advantage of 3to 4per cent．With a few exceptions，people don't run barefoot，so it may be that it's not an advantage，or it may be that we're just not used to it．
| A．What kind of technology might we see in sports shoes of the future？ B．What should people look out for when buying a new pair of sports shoes？ C．Will a more expensive shoe make me run faster or jump higher，as the ads suggest？ D．Is it true that expensive shoes are no better at preventing injury than cheap ones？ E．Some people say we should run just as well without shoes．What's your opinion？ F．You helped develop the unstable Masai MBT shoes．Does this design actually work？ |
Nigg's Answer：That is a little bit overstated．But the literature shows that shoes are a minor player in injury development．If you take a group of people and want to injure them，send them out every day for a 20-kilometre run．A lot of them will be injured in three weeks．The major factors are the distance run，the intensity and recovery time，not the shoes．
77．B
Nigg's Answer：The problem is that if you go to a store and want to find your best shoes，you don't know what to do．Things that are sometimes done，like video analysis of your rear foot movement，may not help．The only way to assess whether a shoe is right for you is how it feels．If you feel comfortable in a shoe，it's likely to be good for you．
78．C
Nigg's Answer：A shoe may act as a training device，making some muscles to function more effectively for a majority of users．Or it may use materials that last longer．That may have something to do with its price．However，for the average runner it is difficult to distinguish between actual functional designs and unnecessary features．Generally，the more a shoe controls movement，the more it acts like a cast，which means you lose some muscle strength，and your feet are more likely to be injured．
79．F
Nigg's Answer：Yes，for about 80per cent of people．The major benefits are training the small muscles crossing the ankle joint，and a reduction of knee and lower back pain．However，some claims for these unstable shoes are overstated，such as the general muscle strengthening that they are claimed to produce．
80．E
Nigg's Answer：There are claims that there are fewer injuries when you run barefoot，but there is not yet enough evidence，or enough research，to prove that．If you look at performance，most papers suggest an advantage of 3to 4per cent．With a few exceptions，people don't run barefoot，so it may be that it's not an advantage，or it may be that we're just not used to it．
TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language，which assesses the proficiency （熟练） of English language of a person in an academic setting．Various institutions，scholarship programs require this test as a trusted and effective indicator of a person's ability to communicate in English．