题目内容

The creation of the national Thanksgiving holiday resulted in the efforts of one woman,Sarah Josepha Hale. In the early 1800s,she began a campaign to official establish the holiday. Ms. Hale was a writer. She wrote stories about a national day of Thanksgiving in a publication for women. As with part of her campaign,she wrote many letters to public officials,included American presidents. She urged him to support her idea for a national Thanksgiving holiday.

Support for her idea grows slowly. Finally,in 1863,President Abraham Lincoln declared the last Thursday November a national holiday of Thanksgiving. At that time,the United States were fighting a civil war. President Lincoln liked the idea of a holiday would also celebrate national unity.

Later,Congress declared that the holiday would be celebrated every year on the four Thursday in November.

The creation of the national Thanksgiving holiday resulted form the efforts of one woman,Sarah Josepha Hale. In the early 1800s,she began a campaign to officially establish the holiday. Ms. Hale was a writer. She wrote stories about a national day of Thanksgiving in a publication for women. As  part of her campaign,she wrote many letters to public officials,including American presidents. She urged them to support her idea for a national Thanksgiving holiday.

Support for her idea grew slowly. Finally,in 1863.President Abraham Lincoln declared the last Thursday in November a national holiday of Thanksgiving. At that time,the United States was fighting a civil war. President Lincoln liked the idea of a holiday that would also celebrate national unity.

Later,Congress declared that the holiday would be celebrated every year on the fourth Thursday in November.

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More people are trying to learn English than any other language in the world. 1       School children in the Philippines and Japan begin learning English at an early age.

Where did the English language come from? Why has it become so popular? To answer these questions we must travel back in time about five thousand years to an area north of the Black Sea in southeastern Europe.

Experts say the people in that area spoke a language called Proto-Indo-European. That language is no longer spoken. 2       These include the language that developed into English.

The English language is a result of the invasions of the island of Britain over many hundreds of years. The first invaders were a people called Angles about one thousand and five hundred years ago. Later the Saxons and the Jutes crossed to Britain. These groups fought with a people called the Celts. 3       Some escaped to live in the area that became Wales. Through the years,the Saxons,Angles and Jutes mixed their different languages. The result is what is called Anglo-Saxon or Old English,the earliest form of English.

The next great invasion of Britain came from the far north beginning about one thousand and one hundred years ago. Fierce people called Vikings raided the coast areas of Britain. 4       The next invasion of Britain took place in ten sixtysix. History experts call this invasion the Norman Conquest. The Normans became the new rulers of Britain. These new rulers spoke only French for several hundred years. The French language used by the Norman rulers greatly changed the way English was spoken by eight hundred years ago. 5       Middle English sounds like modern English. But it is very difficult to understand now.

The history of the English language continues as Middle English becomes Modern English,which is spoken today.

   A. English is the major foreign language taught in most schools in South America and Europe.

   B. Researchers do not really know what it sounded like.

   C. After a while,most of the Celts were killed,or made slaves.

   D. English became what language experts call Middle English.

   E. Many English words used today come from these ancient Vikings.

   F. Yet,Proto-Indo-European is believed to be the ancestor of most European languages.

   G. The Celts had lived in Britain for many thousands of years.

1.                  2.                  3.                  4.          5.         

Do you find 1       (get) up in the morning so difficult that it's painful? This might be called laziness,but Dr. Kleitman has a new 2       (explain) . He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.

During the hours when you devote to your work you may say that you're "hot". That's true. The time of day when you feel most 3       ( energy) is when your cycle of body temperature is 4        its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it 5        in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so,but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: "Get up,John!You'll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature and energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean,and which cycle each member of the family has.

You can't change your energy cycle,but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Maybe your're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay 6        late anyway. Counteract (乂于抗) your cycle to some extent 7        habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day,rise before your usual hour. This won't change your cycle,but you'll get up steam (鼓足干劲) and work better at your low point.

Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before 8       (put) your feet on the floor. 9       (avoid) the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible,do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks 10       (require) more energy of concentration for your sharper hours.

1.                  2.                  3.         4.          5.         

6.         7.                8.                  9.          10.         

Getting rid of dirt,in the opinion of most people,is a good thing. 1       In the early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538,the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. 2       Since then,even the rich in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. 3       Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath,the king ordered that,to avoid the attack of disease,the nobleman should not go out.

4       Scientifically speaking,cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet,it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War H. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white,cloths ever softer,surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt,however,gone too far?

5       Many firsttime parents nervously try to warn their children not to touch dirt,which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary,Mary Ruebush,an American immunologist (免疫学家) ,encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.

   A. So did the king of England in 1546.

   B. The rich and noble man lived an elegant life.

   C. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was longlived,dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.

   D. However,there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

   E. So how to get rid of dirt has been under heated discussion.

   F. Henry IV,King of France,was famously dirty.

   G. Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.

1.         2.                  3.                  4.          5.       

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