题目内容

4.Conventional wisdom says that hardship can make us old before our time.In fact,a new study suggests that violence not only leaves long-term scars on children's bodies,but also changes their DNA,causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging.
Scientists measured this by studying the ends of children's chromosomes(染色体),called telomeres,says Idan Shalev,lead author of a study published in Molecular Psychiatry.
Telomeres(端粒) are special DNA sequences (基因序列)which prevent the DNA in chromosomes from separating.They get shorter each time a cell divides,until a cell cannot divide any more and dies.
Several factors have been found to shorten telomeres,including smoking,radiation and psychological stresses such as being treated badly when young and taking care of a chronically(长期地) ill person.
In this study,researchers examined whether exposure to violence could make children's telomeres shorten faster than normal.They interviewed the mothers of 236 children at ages 5,7 and 10,asking whether the youngsters had been exposed to domestic violence between the mother and her partner; physical maltreatment by an adult; or bullying.Researchers measured the children's telomeres-in cells obtained by swabbing the insides of their cheeks-at ages 5 and 10.
Telomeres shortened faster in kids exposed to two or more types of violence,says Shalev.Unless that pattern changes,the study suggests,these kids could be expected to develop diseases of aging,such as heart attacks or memory loss,seven to 10 years earlier than their peers.
Shalev says there is hope for these kids.His study found that,in rare cases,telomeres can lengthen.Better nutrition,exercise and stress reduction are three things that may be able to lengthen telomeres,he says.
The study confirms a small but growing number of studies suggesting that early childhood adversity imprints itself in our chromosomes,says Charles Nelson,a professor of pediatrics and neuroscience at Harvard Medical School.

59.The new study found thatC.
A.hardship can change a child's aging
B.violence leaves scars on a child's mind
C.violence can speed up a child's aging
D.hardship has a long term effect on a child's mind
60.According to the text,telomeresB.
A.are at the ends of people's chromosomes
B.can help prevent DNA from separating
C.can make a cell die quickly
D.become shorter before they die
61.Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?C
A.Violence can cause quick cell division in children's body.
B.Researchers measured the children's telomeres from their legs in the study.
C.Being treated badly will make a child's telomeres shorten faster.
D.Children who have shorter telomeres may have a heart attack earlier.
62.What is the best title for the text?A
A.Violence Aging Children's DNA
B.Children's Changing DNA Patterns
C.Violence and Telomeres
D.The Function of Telomeres.

分析 本文是一篇说明文,讲述了儿童如果被暴力对待,基因就会加速老化,身体状况也会开始恶化.

解答 59-62 CBCA
59.C 考查细节理解.根据"violence not only leaves long-term scars on children's bodies,but also changes their DNA,causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging"可知,暴力会导致儿童早熟.故选C.
60.B 考查细节理解.根据"Telomeres(端粒) are special DNA sequences (基因序列)which prevent the DNA in chromosomes from separating"可知,端粒是特殊的DNA序列,可防止染色体中的DNA分离.故选B.
61.C 考查细节理解.根据"Telomeres shortened faster in kids exposed to two or more types of violence"可知,接受暴力对待会使孩子的染色体端粒缩短速度更快.故选C.
62.A 考查主旨大意.根据文章内容可知,本文要讲述的就是儿童被暴力地对待,会导致基因加速老化.故选A.

点评 阅读理解考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力,做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句,和题干进行比较,再做出正确的选择.在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实,要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断.

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5.Exhausted,covered in mud and desperately hungry,a team of Swedish athletes sat down for a meal as they prepared to take on a dangerous 20-mile journey through the Ecuadorian rainforest.As they opened their canned meat,a tired member,Mikael Lindnord noticed a miserable lost dog staring at him out of the corner of his eye.
Feeling sorry for him,he fed the dog a meatball and thought nothing of it,but as the team stood up to continue their race,the animal started to follow them and he didn't stop.
As the group of four navigated the final two stages of the 430-mile Adventure Racing World Championship,the dog befriended them and was eventually given the name Arthur.Every tiring task the team face,Arthur would do the same.He swam alongside rivers while they kayaked down them,dragged himself up hills during hikes and pulled through knee-deep mud during journeys.
Even when the team tired to get rid of their new member out of concerns for his safety,he refused to leave.This meant when he was tired,they stopped for a break and when he got stuck in the mud,they pulled him out.
After six days the team finished the race,and the dog had suffered.They therefore decided to take him to a vet.During that time Lindord thought to himself that after their experience,they could not leave Arthur,so he decided to adopt him and take him back to Sweden.He applied to the Jordbruksverket (the Swedish Board of Agriculture) and was made to wait to see if his application was successful.
After a few days,the team arrived at the airport with Arthur and boarded the plane with him back home.Lindord ended by saying:"I came to Ecuador to win the World Championship.Instead,I got a new friend."

32.Why did Mikael Lindnord give the dog something to eat?B
A.He didn't know why.
B.He just showed sympathy to the dog.
C.He wanted the dog to leave them.
D.He wanted to save the dog's life.
33.What's the main idea of Para.3?A
A.The dog became a member of the team.
B.The dog suffered more than the 4Swedish athletes.
C.The 4Swedish athletes suffered more than the dog.
D.The 4Swedish athletes wanted to get rid of the dog.
34.What can we know about the dog?D
A.He liked the 4Swedish athletes.
B.He liked exploring the rainforest.
C.He was driven out of his owner's house.
D.He followed the athletes to thank them for their kindness.
35.What did Lindord mean by saying"I came to Ecuador to win the World Championship.Instead,I got a new friend,"in the last paragraph?C
A.He won the World Championship.
B.He wanted to get a new friend.
C.He valued the friendship with Arthur.
D.He regretted to adopt the dog.
19.Prepackaged,mass-produced snack foods are hugely popular in grocery stores around the world,Many people are accustomed to choosing snack foods in grocery stores.
The first problem with packaged snack foods like cookies,crackers,and other bite-sized options is that they are often loaded with unhealthy materials.The reason for this is fairly easy to understand.Mass-produced foods need to be uniform in color,taste and so on.In order to achieve this uniformity,snack food producers use sugar,salt,and other chemical preservative(防腐剂) and coloring materials in large amounts.These materials contribute to a rather unhealthy food.
In addition to requiring uniformity of taste and appearance,mass-produced snack foods like potato chips and candies need to be shelf stable.Preservatives and complex packaging make products shelf stable,but this stability and non-perish ability(抗腐性) often come at the expense of nutrition.
One reason that pre-made snacks are so popular in grocery stores is their prices.Food producers can keep costs down by using established production facilities and processes to quickly produce a huge amount of food.Shoppers are drawn to what they see at low prices.
People who are interested in improving the quality of their snacking can use magazines,books,and the Internet to discover a lot of healthy snacking tips and ideas.Even television shows about health and food sometimes talk about healthy snacking alternatives.Some healthy snacks,like fresh fruit,require no preparation at all.
Once people are aware of the drawbacks of clearly cheap and easy snack foods,they can start turning to better options.Soon,perhaps,the old and unhealthy snack options will no longer be profitable for food producers.
Title:Prepackaged,mass-produced snack foods
FactPrepackaged,mass-produced snack foods gain (81)popularity
around the world.
(82)
Characteristics/Features
•Having preservatives,coloring materials and (83)complex
packaging
•Having uniformity of (84)tasteand appearance
•Being shelf stable
•Being at low (85)prices
Problems•(86)Containing/Having/Addingunhealthy materials
•Being shelf stable and non-perishable leading to some nutrition (87)loss
Measures•Discover healthy snacking tips and ideas by (88)usingmagazines,books,the Internet and television shows.
Conclusions•People will turn to better options once (89)knowing/realizingthe drawbacks of cheap and easy snack foods.
•The old and unhealthy snack foods will no longer bring (90)profit(s) to food producers
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Stone Age people hunted wild animals for their meat,which had much less fat than domestic ones.They ate a lot of fresh wild vegetables and fruits.They did not have milk or any other dairy products,and they made very little use of grains.(39)BWe eat six times more salt than our ancestors.We eat more sugar.We eat twice as much fat but only one third as much protein and much less vitamin C.
(40)FBut scientists say that we would be much healthier if we eat much the same way the ancient people did,cutting the amount of fatty,salty and sweet food.

A.Stone Age people lived a simple life.
B.But today,we enjoy eating a lot of these.
C.In that case,they would live much healthier.
D.Ancient people also got lots of physical exercise.
E.These new sicknesses were not known in ancient times.
F.People today probably don't want to live like our ancestors.
G.Modern people used to suffer from"diseases of civilization".
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Great Basin National Park
Great Basin National Park is located in eastern Nevada,which features the Lehman Caves,an ideal destination for tourists interested in underground exploration.Activities include camping,biking,hiking,star gazing,skiing and snowboarding in winter.Entry to the Great Basin National Park is free; however,it is closed on New Year's Day,Thanksgiving and Christmas.
775-234-7331
nps.gov/grba
Hoover Dam
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National Automobile Museum
The National Automobile Museum is located in Reno,Nevada,which houses vehicles from the long history of automotive technology,most notably from the 19th century until the 1960s.Visitors are welcome from 9:30 am to 5:30 pm from Monday to Saturday and from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm on Sunday.The facility is closed on Thanksgiving and Christmas.Prices are﹩9 for adults,﹩7 for seniors and﹩3 for children aged 6 to 18.Those under 6 are free.Parking is free all year round.
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Experience the unique desert scenery of Nevada while you are playing golf.Wolf Creek Golf Club is located within a desert view that is unusual among golf courses.The surrounding bluffs (悬崖峭壁) and valleys are a striking contrast to the rich green colors of the fairway.The club is closed on Christmas.
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21.If you can only go to Nevada on Thanksgiving Day,you can only go toB.
A.Hoover Dam
B.Wolf Creek Golf Club
C.Great Basin National Park
D.National Automobile Museum
22.If you want to go skiing in winter,you can visit the website ofA.
A.nps.gov/grba           B. automuseum.org
C.golfwolfcreek.com    D. usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam
23.Which number will you call if you are interested in carsC?
A.775-234-7331          B.702-294-3517
C.775-333-9300          D.866-252-4653.

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