题目内容
4.Conventional wisdom says that hardship can make us old before our time.In fact,a new study suggests that violence not only leaves long-term scars on children's bodies,but also changes their DNA,causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging.Scientists measured this by studying the ends of children's chromosomes(染色体),called telomeres,says Idan Shalev,lead author of a study published in Molecular Psychiatry.
Telomeres(端粒) are special DNA sequences (基因序列)which prevent the DNA in chromosomes from separating.They get shorter each time a cell divides,until a cell cannot divide any more and dies.
Several factors have been found to shorten telomeres,including smoking,radiation and psychological stresses such as being treated badly when young and taking care of a chronically(长期地) ill person.
In this study,researchers examined whether exposure to violence could make children's telomeres shorten faster than normal.They interviewed the mothers of 236 children at ages 5,7 and 10,asking whether the youngsters had been exposed to domestic violence between the mother and her partner; physical maltreatment by an adult; or bullying.Researchers measured the children's telomeres-in cells obtained by swabbing the insides of their cheeks-at ages 5 and 10.
Telomeres shortened faster in kids exposed to two or more types of violence,says Shalev.Unless that pattern changes,the study suggests,these kids could be expected to develop diseases of aging,such as heart attacks or memory loss,seven to 10 years earlier than their peers.
Shalev says there is hope for these kids.His study found that,in rare cases,telomeres can lengthen.Better nutrition,exercise and stress reduction are three things that may be able to lengthen telomeres,he says.
The study confirms a small but growing number of studies suggesting that early childhood adversity imprints itself in our chromosomes,says Charles Nelson,a professor of pediatrics and neuroscience at Harvard Medical School.
59.The new study found thatC.
A.hardship can change a child's aging
B.violence leaves scars on a child's mind
C.violence can speed up a child's aging
D.hardship has a long term effect on a child's mind
60.According to the text,telomeresB.
A.are at the ends of people's chromosomes
B.can help prevent DNA from separating
C.can make a cell die quickly
D.become shorter before they die
61.Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?C
A.Violence can cause quick cell division in children's body.
B.Researchers measured the children's telomeres from their legs in the study.
C.Being treated badly will make a child's telomeres shorten faster.
D.Children who have shorter telomeres may have a heart attack earlier.
62.What is the best title for the text?A
A.Violence Aging Children's DNA
B.Children's Changing DNA Patterns
C.Violence and Telomeres
D.The Function of Telomeres.
分析 本文是一篇说明文,讲述了儿童如果被暴力对待,基因就会加速老化,身体状况也会开始恶化.
解答 59-62 CBCA
59.C 考查细节理解.根据"violence not only leaves long-term scars on children's bodies,but also changes their DNA,causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging"可知,暴力会导致儿童早熟.故选C.
60.B 考查细节理解.根据"Telomeres(端粒) are special DNA sequences (基因序列)which prevent the DNA in chromosomes from separating"可知,端粒是特殊的DNA序列,可防止染色体中的DNA分离.故选B.
61.C 考查细节理解.根据"Telomeres shortened faster in kids exposed to two or more types of violence"可知,接受暴力对待会使孩子的染色体端粒缩短速度更快.故选C.
62.A 考查主旨大意.根据文章内容可知,本文要讲述的就是儿童被暴力地对待,会导致基因加速老化.故选A.
点评 阅读理解考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力,做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句,和题干进行比较,再做出正确的选择.在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实,要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断.
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19.Prepackaged,mass-produced snack foods are hugely popular in grocery stores around the world,Many people are accustomed to choosing snack foods in grocery stores.
The first problem with packaged snack foods like cookies,crackers,and other bite-sized options is that they are often loaded with unhealthy materials.The reason for this is fairly easy to understand.Mass-produced foods need to be uniform in color,taste and so on.In order to achieve this uniformity,snack food producers use sugar,salt,and other chemical preservative(防腐剂) and coloring materials in large amounts.These materials contribute to a rather unhealthy food.
In addition to requiring uniformity of taste and appearance,mass-produced snack foods like potato chips and candies need to be shelf stable.Preservatives and complex packaging make products shelf stable,but this stability and non-perish ability(抗腐性) often come at the expense of nutrition.
One reason that pre-made snacks are so popular in grocery stores is their prices.Food producers can keep costs down by using established production facilities and processes to quickly produce a huge amount of food.Shoppers are drawn to what they see at low prices.
People who are interested in improving the quality of their snacking can use magazines,books,and the Internet to discover a lot of healthy snacking tips and ideas.Even television shows about health and food sometimes talk about healthy snacking alternatives.Some healthy snacks,like fresh fruit,require no preparation at all.
Once people are aware of the drawbacks of clearly cheap and easy snack foods,they can start turning to better options.Soon,perhaps,the old and unhealthy snack options will no longer be profitable for food producers.
The first problem with packaged snack foods like cookies,crackers,and other bite-sized options is that they are often loaded with unhealthy materials.The reason for this is fairly easy to understand.Mass-produced foods need to be uniform in color,taste and so on.In order to achieve this uniformity,snack food producers use sugar,salt,and other chemical preservative(防腐剂) and coloring materials in large amounts.These materials contribute to a rather unhealthy food.
In addition to requiring uniformity of taste and appearance,mass-produced snack foods like potato chips and candies need to be shelf stable.Preservatives and complex packaging make products shelf stable,but this stability and non-perish ability(抗腐性) often come at the expense of nutrition.
One reason that pre-made snacks are so popular in grocery stores is their prices.Food producers can keep costs down by using established production facilities and processes to quickly produce a huge amount of food.Shoppers are drawn to what they see at low prices.
People who are interested in improving the quality of their snacking can use magazines,books,and the Internet to discover a lot of healthy snacking tips and ideas.Even television shows about health and food sometimes talk about healthy snacking alternatives.Some healthy snacks,like fresh fruit,require no preparation at all.
Once people are aware of the drawbacks of clearly cheap and easy snack foods,they can start turning to better options.Soon,perhaps,the old and unhealthy snack options will no longer be profitable for food producers.
Title:Prepackaged,mass-produced snack foods | |
Fact | Prepackaged,mass-produced snack foods gain (81)popularity around the world. |
(82) Characteristics/Features | •Having preservatives,coloring materials and (83)complex packaging •Having uniformity of (84)tasteand appearance •Being shelf stable •Being at low (85)prices |
Problems | •(86)Containing/Having/Addingunhealthy materials •Being shelf stable and non-perishable leading to some nutrition (87)loss |
Measures | •Discover healthy snacking tips and ideas by (88)usingmagazines,books,the Internet and television shows. |
Conclusions | •People will turn to better options once (89)knowing/realizingthe drawbacks of cheap and easy snack foods. •The old and unhealthy snack foods will no longer bring (90)profit(s) to food producers |