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Three?dimensional printers are fast becoming everyday devices in the United States. Three?D printers are used to make everything from automobile parts to bone replacements for human patients. American research scientists are now working on creating replacements for living tissue.

Researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina have been working on creating and manufacturing living tissue since 2003. This process is called biofabrication (生物制造). It requires special printing equipment and a special kind of ink.

Traditional printers require ink to produce an image or design on a piece of paper. For their three?D printer, the South Carolina researchers prepare complex nutritious solutions they call bio?inks. Bio?inks are made of proteins and glucose (葡萄糖), which normally provides energy for most cells of the body. The researchers also add living cells taken from the animal that will receive the new, printed tissue. The bio?inks are then added to a device that researchers call the Palmetto bio?printer.

Sarah Grace Dennis is one of the researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina. She says new technology, like the Palmetto bio?printer, is a great help to the biofabrication process.

The bio?inks are placed in three dispensers (分配器), containers, inside the printer. Lasers control both the position of the printing surface and the places where the bio?ink is released.

Michael Yost is a leader of the research team. He says the printing process is fully automated — machine?operated. He says that the Palmetto bio?printer makes it possible to create complex tissue types.

The researchers say bio?printing is still experimental. But they hope in a few years they may be able to print tissue to replace damaged human organs.

But there are still some problems which need to be solved. Some scientists worry about how to get blood to the replacement tissue. The flow of blood is important to keep the printed tissue alive.

Michael Yost hopes that more people will believe in the benefits of biofabrication.

“Tissue biofabrication is a reality, and it is a reality now, and if you come here and you get to see it. You will get to see it. You can't touch it, but you will see it and think this is real. And this is really human.”

1.What can we know about the bio?inks?

A．They are the necessities of bio?printing.

B．They only contain proteins and glucose.

C．They can be placed in the traditional printers.

D．They are available in our local drugstores.

2.Which of the following is one of the concerns with biofabrication?

A．Researchers can't find enough living cells of animals to make the bio?inks.

B．The price of the bio?printer is too high and most people can't afford it.

C．Scientists have some difficulty in getting the blood to the replacement tissue.

D．People are worried about the safety of the biofabrication process.

3.According to Michael Yost, we can infer that ________.

A．the Palmetto bio?printer can work without power

B．the Palmetto bio?printer has been used to treat the patients

C．the Palmetto bio?printer can only be found in the United States

D．the Palmetto bio?printer will have a bright future in medical use

4.The passage mainly tells us about ________.

A．the three?D printer and its working principles

B．the bio?inks and their use in bio?printing

C．the spread use of the bio?printer in the USA

D．the growing demand for biofabrication

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YOUR mom might cook a bowl of noodles for you on your birthday. But in the US, a mom makes a cupcake for her children on their birthday.

Cupcakes are small, round cakes topped with frosting (糖霜). It has been an American tradition that moms bring cupcakes to the classroom to celebrate their child’s birthday. But recently some doctors have called for this to be banned. They believe cupcakes contribute to child obesity. Despite their good intentions, however, some people believe that experts are interfering (妨碍) with American culture. The cupcake is seen as American as apple pie — only prettier.

According to Marion Nestle, a professor of nutrition at New York University, the cupcake is the most democratic (民主的) of desserts. As they are small enough for one person, you don’t have to share your cupcake with anyone — it’s all yours. They are also all of the same size, so there can’t be any cries of “she got the bigger piece!”

Each bite can taste different depending on how much icing you have. It is a lesson in self-determination. Some people eat only a little of the frosting every time, others have it all in just one bite.

In recent years, eating a cupcake has become as trendy as having a cup of Starbucks coffee.

Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton jokingly promised on a talk show that if she was elected president, she would give everyone a cupcake on her birthday. Ruth Reichl, editor-in-chief of Gourmet magazine, explains that the rise of the cupcake is very much about going back to American national identity in food, which is all about comfort. “People want to think about when they and their country were innocent,” she said.

1.According to the passage, it has been an American tradition that ___________.

A. a party is held for children on their birthday

B. A mom cooks a bowl of noodles for her children on their birthday

C. A mom makes a cupcake for her children on their birthday and brings it to the classroom

D. parents go travelling with their children on their birthday

2.Which of the following is Not true according to Marion Nestle?

A. The cupcake is more democratic than any other deserts in the US.

B. The cupcake is too small to share with others.

C. The sizes of cupcakes are the same so it’s equal to everyone.

D. Cupcakes will lead to child obesity so they should be banned.

3.Why did the writer mention Hillary Clinton and Ruth Reichl?

A. To arouse the readers’ attention.

B. To show that cupcakes are becoming a popular to show kindness and comfort.

C. To make a comparison between them.

D. To give readers a general idea of cupcakes.

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Many experts say that Billy Wilder changed the history of American movies. He is often called the best movie maker Hollywood has ever had.

He was known for making movies that offered sharp social comment. Wilder was one of the first directors to do this. Between the middle 1930s and the 1980s, Billy Wilder made almost fifty movies. During that time he received more than twenty nominations (提名) from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He won six of the Oscar awards. His movies have been seen by people around the world.

In 1944, Billy Wilder made the film Double Indemnity. Some critics said this movie established him as one of the greatest Hollywood directors. Wilder directed The Lost Weekend in 1945. Ray Milland plays the part of an alcoholic writer in the movie. It shows that alcohol rules his life, yet he does not admit it. He hides alcohol in his home and says he is not drinking.

In 1950, Wilder made Sunset Boulevard. This movie told of an aging actress in silent movies. She plans to return to movies though facing many problems. In 1954, Billy Wilder became an independent producer. The next year, Wilder's first movie as an independent filmmaker was a huge success. It was Seven Year Itch. In this movie, a married mailman wants to cheat on his wife with some of his friends. In 1959, Wilder made a funny movie that was very popular. It was Some Like It Hot. It tells about two jazz musicians being chased by criminals. They decide to wear women's clothes and join a band in which all the musicians were women.

Wilder died in March, 2002. He was ninety?five. A current Hollywood producer said: “Billy Wilder made movies that people will never forget.”

1.The text is mainly about ________.

A．the background of American movies

B．the development of American movies

C．Wilder's attitude to American movies

D．Wilder's achievements in American movies

2.What was Wilder famous for according to Para. 2?

A．His unique style of making movies.

B．Sharp remarks on society in his movies.

C．More than twenty awards he received.

D．Almost fifty movies he produced himself.

3.Which of the following made Wilder among the greatest Hollywood directors?

A．Double Indemnity. B．Sunset Boulevard.

C．The Lost Weekend. D．Some Like It Hot.

4.The text is developed mainly by ________.

A．following time order B．making comparisons

C．analyzing exact data D．giving instructions

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Chinese female scientist Tu Youyou won the 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine on October 5 for her discoveries concerning a novel treatment against malaria (疟疾). This is the first Nobel Prize given to a Chinese scientist for work carried out within China.

Tu shared the prize with Irish?born William Campbell and Satoshi Omura of Japan, who were honored for their revolutionary anti?roundworm treatment. 84?year?old Tu is awarded this prize for her contribution to cutting the death rate of malaria, reducing patients' suffering and promoting mankind's health. Although she received several medical awards in the past, the 2015 Nobel Prize is definitely the most privilege reward that recognizes Tu's dedication and perseverance in discovering artemisinin (青蒿素), the key drug that battles malaria?friendly parasites (寄生虫).

However, her route to the honor has been anything but traditional. She won the Nobel Prize for medicine, but she doesn't have a medical degree or a PhD. In China, she is even being called the “three?noes” winner: no medical degree, no doctorate, and she's never worked overseas. No wonder her success has stirred China's national pride and helped promote confidence of native Chinese scientists.

The fact that Tu has none of these three backgrounds reminds us that science should be more accessible to all. One shall be able to become a scientist no matter what kind of background he or she comes from, as long as one dives into scientific research. There have been discussions on people who really love science but are never able to achieve much during their whole life. Their contributions can never be ignored. They work so hard to prove the wrong way so that the future researchers will be closer to the right one.

As the first Chinese mainland Nobel Prize Winner of natural science award, Tu's record?breaking winning also serves as a reminder to those who are too eager for instant success. Science is never about instant success. Tu spent decades on scientific research before its value is officially acknowledged. There is no way to measure how much one devotes to science and compare it with how much reward he or she may get.

1.We can know from the text that ________.

A．Tu worked at home and abroad to conduct her research

B．Tu got the Nobel Prize for her anti?roundworm treatment

C．the Nobel Prize is the first award to recognize her work

D．her discovery of artemisinin has helped to cut malaria death rate

2.The author seems to agree that a person who is more likely to become a scientist is the one with________.

A．a sense of national pride

B．relevant academic knowledge

C．a desire to achieve success

D．enthusiasm for scientific research

3.In writing the passage, the author intends to________.

A．inform readers of the news and make comments

B．discourage the pursuit of instant success in science

C．remind readers of the principles of scientific research

D．praise the award winner and encourage scientific research

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Robots performing tasks according to a predetermined set of instructions are nothing new.But robots able to learn how to cook by watching videos are a completely different approach, which is conducted by a group of researchers at the University of Maryland.

If you have posted a video of your favorite recipe on the popular website YouTube, chances are that it will be used by a robot.University of Maryland's professor Yiannis Aloimonos, leader of the group, said “There exists a large amount of video information on the Internet that our robots can capitalize_on.”

“At present, the videos are fed electronically，”said research scientist Cornelia Fermuller.“Originally, we took our own videos, our cameras looking at us doing the cooking，”she explained.“And, as the robot advances, it reacts to good quality videos.And it will react to even lower quality homemade videos.”

So far, the robot named Julia can make a simple salad by breaking each task into basic parts, such as grasping a spoon, bringing it to the bowl, stirring the salad and observing the results.

But why teach a robot how to understand a video when it can easily follow a fixed program？Aloimonos believes predetermined instructions lack flexibility.He thinks one of the problems is how to make the robot understand and use what it learns during a certain task, the so?called feedback (反馈意见); another is the introduction of language.

“I believe it will take quite some time before the robots are able to understand metaphorical (比喻性的) language，”he added.“But，” he said，“we don't need that to create a new world where the robots will be working for us.”

1.The underlined phrase “capitalize on” in Paragraph 2 probably can be replaced by ________.

A．take hold of B．make use of

C．keep track of D．catch sight of

2.Aloimonos probably agrees that at present the robot ________.

A．can not fully digest what it learns

B．can not make a simple salad

C．can follow home?made videos

D．can understand metaphorical language

3.Robots are taught to understand a video mainly because ________.

A．they can easily follow fixed programs

B．they are smart enough to learn cooking

C．cooking videos are more interesting to watch

D．predetermined instructions are not flexible

4.Which of the following might best serve as the title of the passage?

A．Robots Creating a New World

B．Robots Making Cooking Videos

C．Robots Learning to Cook by Watching Videos

D．Robots Performing Tasks by Following Instructions

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The term “smog” was first used in London during the early 1900's to describe the combination of smoke and fog. What we typically call “smog” today is a mixture of pollutants but is primarily made up of ground?level ozone (臭氧)．

Ozone can be beneficial or harmful depending on where it stays. The ozone staying high above the Earth protects human health and the environment, but ground?level ozone is responsible for the choking, coughing, and painful eyes associated with smog. The ozone in smog also prevents plants growth and can cause widespread damage to crops and forest.

Major smog occurrences often are linked to heavy motor vehicle traffic, high temperatures, sunshine, and calm winds. Weather and geography affect the position and severity of smog. Because temperature regulates the length of time it takes for smog to form, smog can form faster and be more severe on a hot and sunny day. When warm air stays near the ground instead of rising and winds are calm, smog may stay trapped over your city for days. As traffic and other sources add more pollutants to the air, the smog gets worse. Smog is often more severe away from the pollution sources because the chemical reactions that cause smog occur in the atmosphere while the reacting chemicals are being moved by the wind.

Smog is a visible example of air pollution. You can look into the distance during the day to see how much smog there is in the air. In addition, most cities measure the concentrations of pollutants in the air and report the results to the public.

Environmental Protection Agency sets national standards for pollutants. Areas that fail to meet the standards for at least one air pollutant are called “nonattainment (不达标) areas”. New measures are being taken by local governments across the country to reduce air pollution in nonattainment areas. These include: banning charcoal barbecues and wood burning in stoves or fireplaces when pollution levels are high; developing programs to encourage carpooling and voluntary “ozone actions”； limiting traffic in overcrowded areas; expanding or improving public transportation systems; requiring employers to contribute to employee public transportation costs; assessing “smog fees” on cars according to the number of miles driven and vehicle emissions (排放) produced; and even buying and breaking up older “super?dirty” cars.

1.According to the passage, ground?level ozone can______.

A．damage the environment

B．benefit human health

C．protect crops and forest

D．limit the spread of smog

2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Air quality is better in time of calm wind.

B．Smog is more severe near pollution sources.

C．It takes more time for smog to form in hot weather.

D．Chemical reactions occur in the moving air and cause smog.

3.Which indication shows more exact the air is poor?

A．Heavy motor vehicle traffic in big cities.

B．Widespread damage of crops and forest.

C．Clear outlines of hills in the distance.

D．High concentrations of pollutants in the air.

4.What is included in the measures being taken by the local governments?

A．Unconditional banning of wood burning.

B．Encouraging carpooling and public transportation.

C．Charging all the vehicles more “smog fees”．

D．Buying new cars to replace super?dirty old cars.

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Spoiled for choice? That's likely how you'll feel after a mere day in Athens. The secret is in not trying to do everything. Instead, take in a couple of the tourist highlights and then get a feel for this attractive capital.

An ancient sight

The Acropolis (卫城) always comes out at the top of the list of things to see in Athens. The most famous of the western world's ancient sights continue to impress tourists as they climb the marble steps and stand before the graceful Parthenon. Views from up here are amazing.

A slow wander

Plaka is the city's oldest neighborhood, resting on the slopes of the Acropolis with caf?s and fascinating architecture. The streets are perfect for getting lost in, giving wanderers the chance to discover caf?s and bars where they can down some strong coffee among locals. Plaka is at its best in the early evening. Acropolis House Pension is a preserved 19th?century house that gives guests a glimpse into a Greek home.

A market scene

Varvakios Agora is Athens' central market. Locals come here to shop and look for everything needed in a Greek kitchen — from olive oil to meat. This is a look at local life as well as a window into Greek cuisine. The meat market is also home to some of the city's best pubs, feeding traditional food to crowds of customers from all walks of society.

A splash of nightlife

Athenian nights are filled with music, dancing and dining. Perivoli Tou Ouranou is a club with a strong atmosphere. Filled with the sounds of violins and guitars pelting out traditional blues?like music, it's sad but also beautiful and lively.

1.Which of the following is the best time to visit Plaka?

A．8：00. B．12：00.

C．18：00. D．22：00.

2.Varvakios Agora seems more attractive to a foreigner who ________.

A．wants to try cooking Athenian food

B．is interested in the history of Athens

C．likes taking photos of ancient buildings

D．hopes to buy some souvenirs for his friends

3.If you want to get a feel for traditional Greek music, you can go to ________.

A．Parthenon B．Plaka

C．Varvakios Agora D．Perivoli Tou Ouranou

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As you're busy with your studies, the weeks during the Spring Festival can be a time when training and healthy eating plans go out of the window. But you can continue running and avoid weight gain during the holiday season. 1..

Pick a race

Having a race on your calendar (日历) is a motivation to keep running during the holiday. _2._. Check our active.com or Running in the City for events near you.

Don't skip breakfast

If you're going to a holiday party in the evening, don't make the mistake of skipping breakfast. You may think you're saving calories for later. 3..

Bring your own healthy dishes

Chances are that most of the dishes at holiday gatherings are going to be high in taste and calories. Bring your own healthy appetizers to the party. The host will appreciate it, and you know there will be at least one wise choice on the buffet table.

4.If you're heading to an evening event, eat regular meals and snacks every few hours up until party time. You won't arrive at the party ready to attack appetizers. Make sure you include fiber at each meal because it keeps you full longer.

Plan your runs

It's easy to say that you'll keep running regularly during the holiday season, but sticking to it requires a strategy. Schedule your runs like appointments, so you make them the first thing during a busy week. 5..

A．Treat yourself

B．Eat small meals

C．Try some or all of these strategies (策略)

D．In fact, it may lead to overeating later in the day

E．Buy yourself a gift of some new running shoes and clothes

F．If you have runs scheduled, you are more likely to get them done

G．Once you choose one that is in a few weeks, set a plan and stick to it

— Do you think an advertisement is a help when you look for a job?

— Well, ______. Anyway it gives me a chance to try.

A. that’s all right B. it depends

C. not at all D. with pleasure

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