Question

13．Communication Principles  How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate．"Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he（or she）is the center"．Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them．But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication．A student．for instance，may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment："I know my teacher doesn't like the fact that I don't agree with his opinions．and that's why he gave me such a poor grade in that class．"The teacher might say the opposite．Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person's view is wrong．
  The concept of serf originates in communication．Through verbal and nonverbal symbols，a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others．You establish self-image．The sort of person you believe you are，by how others think of you．Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are．Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process．Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people．In a more obvious way．communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share．So，the communication begins with the self，as defined largely by others，and involves others，as defined largely by the self．
  Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life．If you are not communicating  with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior．Even if the other person did not intend a message for you．you gather observations and draw specific conclusions．A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message．A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you．A third person smiles（perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently） and you believe that he is attracted to you．We are continually picking up meanings from others'behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them．
  More often than not，you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that．You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement．You may have made a joke out of your rude statement．Nonetheless，your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind．You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．Communication cannot be reversed（倒退），nor can it be repeated．When you tried to re-create the atmosphere，the conversation，and the setting，nothing seemed right．Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results．

Paragraph outline	Supporting Details
Communication begins with the self	●People are somewhat products of others'treatment and messages． ●we are always（71）self-centred/subjective in communication with others．
Communication（72） involvesothers	●Experiences of others help children learn to accept roles． ●Messages from others help you（73）determine/define/know/understand who you are． ●Needs and（74）expectations/hopes/desires/wishesof others should be considered．
Communication（75）occurs/happens/exists/arises everywhere	●We are communicating with ourselves by thinking，planning and reacting to the outside world． ●We are always（76）reading/understanding/knowingother people by observing even if they do not intend any message for you． ●We are constantly collecting meanings from others'（77）behaviors/acts/action（s）/activities． ●We are constantly（78）conveying/expressingmeanings by what we do．
Communication cannot be reversed nor repeated	●You may explain what you have done，but you cannot（79）erase/remove/delete/change what remains in the other person's mind． ●Yon may redo the conversation，but you（80）can't/cannotachieve the same results．

Answer 1

分析 许多沟通方面的学者及社会科学家认为一个人是怎么样的是由别人怎样对待他以及他得到什么样的信息来决定的．

解答 71．self-centred/subjective  句意理解题．根据第一段Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person's view is wrong可知，每个人可能相信他自己是正确的，别人的看法是错误的，即：以自我为中心的或个体主观的．正确答案是：self-centred/subjective．            
72．involves 句意理解题．根据第二段Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people可知，我们的交际理解来自于我们和别人的互动．即：牵涉到别人．正确答案是：involves．                         
 73．determine/define/know/understand 词性转化题．根据第二段Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are可知，你从别人那里收到的正面、负面和中性的信息都在确定你是谁中起作用．正确答案是：determine/define/know/understand．
74．expectations/hopes/desires/wishes 词性转化题．根据communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share可知，沟通以一种更加明显的方式将其他人考虑进去，有能力的沟通者在选择需要共享的信息时会考虑其他人需要什么．正确答案是：expectations/hopes/desires/wishes．
75．occurs/happens/exists/arises  原词再现题．根据第三段Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life可知，你几乎一分钟也离不开沟通．正确答案是：occurs/happens/exists/arises．
76．reading/understanding/knowing  句意理解题．根据三段if you are not communicating with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior可知，如果你没有跟你自己沟通（想，计划，对周围的事物进行反应），那么你也会在观察他人，并从他们的行为中推断一些事情．．正确答案是：reading/understanding/knowing．
77．behaviors/acts/action（s）/activities  原词再现题．根据第三段you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior可知，那么你也会在观察他人，并从他们的行为中推断一些事情．正确答案是：behaviors/acts/action（s）/activities．
78．conveying/expressing  句意理解题．根据第三段We are continually picking up meanings from others'behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them可知，我们不断地从别人的行为中获得信息，同时我们的行为也一直向别人提供有沟通价值的信息．正确答案是：conveying/expressing．
79．erase/remove/delete/change   原词再现题．根据第四段You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．可知，但是你回不到你说错话或做错事之前并将你传达给他人的信息擦掉了．正确答案是：erase/remove/delete/change．
80．can't/cannot 句意理解题．根据第四段Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results可知，你会发现重建背景后虽然还是刚才那些人，可是结果却大不一样了．正确答案是：can't/cannot．

点评 解答任务型阅读理解题，首先对原文材料迅速浏览，掌握全文的主旨大意．因为阅读理解题一般没有标题，所以，速读全文，抓住中心主旨很有必要，在速读的过程中，应尽可能多地捕获信息材料．其次，细读题材，各个击破．掌握全文的大意之后，细细阅读每篇材料后的问题，弄清每题要求后，带着问题，再回到原文中去寻找、捕获有关信息．最后，要善于抓住每段的主题句，阅读时，要有较强的针对性．对于捕获到的信息，要做认真分析，仔细推敲，理解透彻，只有这样，针对题目要求，才能做到稳、准．