题目内容
14．We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20，half of______it used to charge．（ ）| A． | that | B． | which | C． | what | D． | how |
分析 我们选择该旅店因为一晚的价格已经下降到20美元，这可是过去要价的一半．
解答 答案：C
分析句式可知，half of______it used to charge是$20的同位语从句．所以在该从句charge后缺宾语，half of后也缺宾语，在名词性从句中缺宾语用what，故答案为C．此题容易认为是 定语从句，像half of which那就是10美元了，不符合题意．
点评 本题考查名词性从句，比较难．考生需根据具体语境分析句式才能找到答案．
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| A． | having developed | B． | being developed | ||
| C． | developed | D． | developing |
19．CHRONOLOGICA
--The Unbelievable Years that Defined History
DID YOU KNOW…
In 105 AD paper was invented in China？
When Columbus discovered the New World？
The British Museum opened in 1759？
CHRONOLOGICA is a fascinating journey through time，from the foundation of Rome to the creation of the internet．Along the way are tales of kings and queens，hot air balloons…and monkeys in space．
Travel through 100 of the most unbelievable years in world history and learn why being a Roman Emperor wasn't always as good as it sounds，how the Hundred Years'War didn't actually last for 100 years and why Spencer Perceval holds a rather unfortunate record．
CHRONOLOGICA is an informative and entertaining tour into history，beautifully illustrated and full of unbelievable facts．While CHRONOLOGICA tells the stories of famous people in history such as Thomas Edison and Alexander the Great，this book also gives an account of the lives of lesser-known individuals including the explorer Mungo Park and sculptor Gutzon Borglum．
This complete but brief historical collection is certain to entertain readers young and old，and guaranteed to present even the biggest history lover with somgthing new!
56．What is CHRONOLOGICA according to the text？C
57．How does the writer recommend CHRONOLOGICA to readers？B
A．By giving details of its collection．
B．By introducing some of its contents．
C．By telling stories at the beginning．
D．By comparing it with other books．
--The Unbelievable Years that Defined History
DID YOU KNOW…
In 105 AD paper was invented in China？
When Columbus discovered the New World？
The British Museum opened in 1759？
CHRONOLOGICA is a fascinating journey through time，from the foundation of Rome to the creation of the internet．Along the way are tales of kings and queens，hot air balloons…and monkeys in space．
Travel through 100 of the most unbelievable years in world history and learn why being a Roman Emperor wasn't always as good as it sounds，how the Hundred Years'War didn't actually last for 100 years and why Spencer Perceval holds a rather unfortunate record．
CHRONOLOGICA is an informative and entertaining tour into history，beautifully illustrated and full of unbelievable facts．While CHRONOLOGICA tells the stories of famous people in history such as Thomas Edison and Alexander the Great，this book also gives an account of the lives of lesser-known individuals including the explorer Mungo Park and sculptor Gutzon Borglum．
This complete but brief historical collection is certain to entertain readers young and old，and guaranteed to present even the biggest history lover with somgthing new!
56．What is CHRONOLOGICA according to the text？C
| A．A biography． | B．A travel guide． |
| C．A history book． | D．A science fiction． |
A．By giving details of its collection．
B．By introducing some of its contents．
C．By telling stories at the beginning．
D．By comparing it with other books．
1．In all fields of life，and particularly within the commercial world，when managed effectively，competition can deliver a wealth of benefits．It can provide individuals with the motivation they need to work hard and achieve objectives．It can encourage effective teamwork as managers seek to use the different strong points of team members to secure the best team performance．It can contribute to greater commitment to quality as people seek to use this as a way to beat their competitors．Healthy competition can cause the development of creativity as individuals seek out all possible ways to get ahead of the crowd．It can also help managers to identify which individual makes progress under pressure and which is better suited to less stressful roles．
However，employers can often find it difficult to agree on the type of competition they want within their organization，the targets they'll use and the measurement techniques they'll apply．For example，it's common for businesses to give different sales teams clear targets with the lure（诱惑）of the highest bonuses for the top performers．While this will usually give rise to healthy competition，it can also mean that important long-term projects get pushed to one side as the team devotes all its energy to achieving the short-term target．So it's important that the goals and objectives which are set for teams are in line with wider business requirements．Additionally，in very competitive organizations，managers should get individuals to see the bigger picture and act in the best interest of their organization as a whole，rather than to follow the very narrow targets they have set as individuals or as a team．
Thus，employers have to be careful not to let competition have a ruinous effect on morale （士气） at any level．Equally，businesses should introduce clear processes and guidelines that prevent individuals from different teams quarrelling about the allocation of sales income if parties from different teams have worked together to win a contract（合同）．Infighting such as this is always damaging．Moreover，managers must also be alert to the risk of creating conditions where bullying（欺凌） can be used．
To encourage healthy competition in an organization，you must introduce very clear policies regarding competition and ensure the information is communicated effectively．Individuals must know what behavior is acceptable within a competitive environment，and what behavior is considered not acceptable．Also，you should ensure that individuals are measured against all desirable targets but not one simple goal．Ensure that you have senior managers who are able to take a"helicopter view"and judge fairly between teams for the greater good when arguments do unavoidably arise．
However，employers can often find it difficult to agree on the type of competition they want within their organization，the targets they'll use and the measurement techniques they'll apply．For example，it's common for businesses to give different sales teams clear targets with the lure（诱惑）of the highest bonuses for the top performers．While this will usually give rise to healthy competition，it can also mean that important long-term projects get pushed to one side as the team devotes all its energy to achieving the short-term target．So it's important that the goals and objectives which are set for teams are in line with wider business requirements．Additionally，in very competitive organizations，managers should get individuals to see the bigger picture and act in the best interest of their organization as a whole，rather than to follow the very narrow targets they have set as individuals or as a team．
Thus，employers have to be careful not to let competition have a ruinous effect on morale （士气） at any level．Equally，businesses should introduce clear processes and guidelines that prevent individuals from different teams quarrelling about the allocation of sales income if parties from different teams have worked together to win a contract（合同）．Infighting such as this is always damaging．Moreover，managers must also be alert to the risk of creating conditions where bullying（欺凌） can be used．
To encourage healthy competition in an organization，you must introduce very clear policies regarding competition and ensure the information is communicated effectively．Individuals must know what behavior is acceptable within a competitive environment，and what behavior is considered not acceptable．Also，you should ensure that individuals are measured against all desirable targets but not one simple goal．Ensure that you have senior managers who are able to take a"helicopter view"and judge fairly between teams for the greater good when arguments do unavoidably arise．
| Healthy competition | |
| （71）Benefitsof healthy competition | •Competition can keep individuals （72）motivated to work hard towards goals． •With each member's （73）strengths used effectively，the team will work better and more productively as a whole． •Healthy competition can encourage everyone to work more （74）creatively． •It helps managers to learn about their employees． |
| Challenges in encouraging healthy competition | •●Sometimes competition makes teams （75）focus on short-term goals instead of long-term goals． •Sometimes competition makes individuals （76）ignore the whole organization's interests and then just follow their own narrow targets． |
| What to avoid for healthy competition | •Avoid letting competition （77）ruin morale． •Avoid using （78）unclear processes and guidelines that can result in infighting． •Avoid creating conditions where individuals bully each other． |
| Tips on encouraging healthy competition | •Make policies about what can be done and what is （79）unacceptable． •Assess individuals on a comprehensive basis． •Choose senior managers who can make fair （80）judgments about arguments． |