题目内容


B
Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patient–to
speed recovery or to cover the coming of death? In
medicine as in law, government, and other lines of
work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed
（变矮小）by greater needs: the need to protect from
brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy; to advance
the public interest．
What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? Is it best to tell him the  truth? If he asks, should the doctor reject that he is ill, or minimize fee gravity of the illness? Should they at least hide the truth until after the family vacation?
Doctors face such choices often．At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones．
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate （恶化） faster, perhaps even commit suicide（自杀）．
But other studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians; a great majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about serious illness, and feel cheated when they learn that they have been misled．We are also learning that truthful information, humanly conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: help them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after operation．
There is urgent need to debate this issue openly．Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception （欺骗）．Yet the public has every reason to know professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to trust．Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, "What you don't know can't hurt you．"
60．What is the passage mainly about?
A．Whether patients really want to know the truth of their condition．
B．Whether patients should be told the truth of their illness．
C．Whether different studies should be carried on．
D．Whether doctors are honesty with their patients．
61．For the case mentioned in paragraph 2, most doctors will ____．
A．tell the patient the truth as soon as possible
B．choose to lie to him about his condition at that moment
C．tell him to shorten the family vacation
D．advise him to cancel the family vacation
62．Which of the following is TRUE?
A．Sometimes government tells lies because they need to meet the public interest．
B．Doctors believe if they lie, those seriously-ill patients will recover more quickly．
C．Truthful information helps patients deal with their illness in some cases．
D．Many patients don't want to know the truth, especially about serious illness．
63．From the passage, we can learn that the author's attitude to professional deception is ____．
A．supportive          B．indifferent       C．opposed       D．neutral
63．From the passage, we can learn that the author’s attitude to professional deception is      .
A．supportive       B．indifferent       C．opposed    D．neutral

小题1:B
小题2:B
小题3:C
小题4:C
         
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第二节语法填空（共10题；每小题1.5分, 满分15分）
阅读下面短文，根据上下文填入适当的词语，或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空,并将答案填写在答题卡上标号为31—40的相应位置。
Money really can’t buy happiness. According to a new survey, lawyers and __31_____ well-paid white-collar workers are more likely to suffer depression. A national survey of more than 7500 professionals has found that almost one __32_____ ten reported moderate (中度) to severe depressive symptoms. The legal profession had the worst result, _33_______ almost 16 percent reporting symptoms of clinical depression (临床抑郁症). Next __34_____(be) accountants and insurance underwriters, both on 10 percent. People in IT services, architecture and engineering also had depression rates above the average.
The survey __35_____ (conduct) by Beyondblue, an organization devoted to fighting depression, also showed that __36_____ under 30 who had the __37_____ (high) rates of depression were the most likely to “self-medicate” with drugs and alcohol. Beyondblue deputy chief executive and _38_________ (psychology), Dr. Nicole Highet, said the survey was first to reveal the extent of the problem. “We often associate depression with the most socially disadvantaged and people under financial pressure, __39_____ here’s a whole different group.” Dr. Highet said, She said while it was difficult to know exactly __40________ made some groups more prone to depression, it was likely to be driven by work pressures.
We all have ideas about what kinds of foods are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of foods are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are nauseating(令人作呕的).When the famous boxer Muhammad Ali visited Africa, for example, one member of his group became quite sick when he saw someone pick up a butterfly and eat it. Many people would find it disgusting to eat rats, but there are forty-two different cultures whose people regard rats as appropriate food.
 Food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. For example, broccoli is first on a list of the most nutritious common vegetables, but it is twenty-first on a list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat. Tomatoes are sixteenth on the list of most nutritious vegetables, but they are first on the list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat.
But dislike is not the only reason why some cultures will not eat a certain food. In some cultures, certain foods are taboo. Some foods are taboo in certain religions, but there are also other food taboos that are not connected to a religion. We do not usually think about why certain things are taboo in our culture. We may not even know why they are taboo. Anthropologists(人类学家) try to discover the hidden reasons for taboos.
Anthropologists believe that most food likes and dislikes are a result of the ways of life of different people. Some people live in areas where there are both large animals and many insects. It is difficult for these people to kill large animals, and it requires a lot of energy. It is easier for them to use insects for food because it is not difficult to catch insects and it does not require a lot of energy. Nomadic(游牧的) people who move around will not want to keep pigs for food. People will not eat pets such as dogs. Americans eat a lot of beef because there is plenty of land for raising cattle and the meat can be shipped cheaply for long distances by railroads.
小题1:     What’s the main topic of this passage?
A．Food and religion.B．Food and culture.
C．Nutrition of different foods.D．Different ways of life.
小题2:Which of the following statements is TRUE about food likes and dislikes?
A．They are seldom related to nutrition.
B．They are mostly associated with people’s taste.
C．They are mostly connected with people’s life styles.
D．They are usually related to cultures or religions.
小题3:The underlined word “taboo” (Line 3, Para. 3) refers to _____.
A．something undiscoveredB．certain religions
C．something forbiddenD．certain foods
小题4:What can we infer from the passage?
A．It is believed that brcoccoli is more nutritious than tomatoes.
B．Americans prefer tomatoes to beef.
C．People in Inner Mongolia would probably like to keep pigs for food.
D．The famous boxer Muhamm Ali would like to eat rat rather than butterfly.
小题5:Why do Americans prefer to eat beef?
A．Because beef provides a lot of energy people require.
B．Because beef is on the list of the most nutritious foods.
C．Because they have the ideal condition to keep and ship cattle.
D．Because cattle are large animals.

In the early days of sea travel, seamen on long voyages lived exclusively on salted meat and biscuits. Many of them died of scurvy (坏血病), a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums, livid white spots on the flesh and general exhaustion. On one occasion, in 1535, an English ship arrived in Newfoundland with its crew desperately ill. The men´s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them vegetable leaves to eat. Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused by some lack in the sailors´ diet and Captain Cook, on his long voyages of discovery to Australia and New Zealand, established the fact that scurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for the sailors.
Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may yet result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. These elements are called “vitamins”. Quite a number of such substances are known and they are given letters to identify them, A, B, C, D, and so on. Different diseases are associated with deficiencies of particular vitamins. Even a slight lack of Vitamin C, for example, the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit and vegetables, is thought to increase significantly our susceptibility (敏感度) to colds and influenza.
The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet, including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet, say during extended periods of religious fasting (斋戒), or when trying to lose weight, that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins.
51. Scurvy is a disease that is provoked by ____
A. salted meat and biscuits              B. exhaustion
C. want of some essential substances      D. lack of fresh vegetables and fruits
52. In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, “warded off” could probably be replaced by____.
A. got rid of     B. killed     C. avoided     D. cleared away
53. To avoid such disease as scurvy, it´s better for us ____.
A. not to eat much salted meat
B. to supplement our diet with various vitamin pills
C. to have more fresh fruit and vegetables
D. to develop a good dietary habit
54. Based on the passage we can safely conclude that if our diet is not comprehensive enough ____.
A. vitamin pills are of no avail
B. nutritious food might be unhealthy
C. vegetable leaves can be a good remedy
D. religious fasting may help out a lot
55. Which of the following sentences best expresses the central ideal of the passage?
A. Deficiencies of Vitamin C may cause serious diseases.
B. Fresh fruit and green vegetables contain enough nutrition that is necessary for a healthy body.
C. Vitamins play a vitally important role in people´s health.
D. A good mixed diet normally supplies sufficient vitamins for us.

第三部分阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）
Burns can be caused by fire, the sun, chemicals, heated objects or fluids, and electricity. They can be minor problems or life-threatening emergencies. Distinguishing a minor burn from a more serious burn involves determining the degree of damage to the tissues of the body. If you are not sure how serious the burn is, seek emergency medical help.
First-degree burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin is burned. The skin is usually red and some swelling (肿大) and pain may occur. Unless the burn involves large portions of the body, it can be treated at home.
Second-degree burns are those in which the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin is also burned. In these burns, the skin reddens intensely and blisters (水泡) develop. Severe pain and swelling also occur. Second-degree burns require medical treatment.
Third-degree burns are the most serious and involve all layers of skin. Fat, nerves, muscles, and even bones may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear a dry white. If nerve damage is substantial, there may be no pain at all. These burns require emergency medical attention.
Follow these steps when treating minor burns at home:
1) If the skin is not broken, run cool water over the burn for several minutes.
2) Cover the burn with a sterile (消过毒的) bandage or clean cloth.
3) Take aspirin to relieve any swelling or pain.
Seek emergency treatment immediately for major burns. Before an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps:
1) Remove the person from the source of the burn (fire, electrical current, etc.).
2) If the person is not breathing, begin mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (人工呼吸) immediately.
3) Remove all clothing to stop further burning. If the clothing is stuck to the burn, do not attempt to remove it.
4) Cover the burned area with a cool, moist, sterile bandage or clean cloth. Do not place any creams, ointments (药膏) or ice on the burned area or break blisters.
5) Monitor the patient for signs of shock, and treat accordingly.
1. The underlined sentence in the first paragraph probably means “______”.
A. They can be dangerous if you don’t treat them seriously
Ｂ. They range from slight burns to deadly ones
C. They seldom cause deaths even if not treated properly
D. They usually cause deaths if not treated properly
2. Burns are divided into different degrees according to _______.
A. what kind of treatment they need
B. what kind of tissue of the body is damaged
C. whether there is pain and what degree of pain there is
D. which layer of skin is burned
3. From the passage we learn that _______.
A. if there is severe pain, then you need medical treatment
B. first-degree burns don’t require medical treatment
C. burns without pains can be treated at home
D. the larger the swelling is, the more serious it is
4. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. you shouldn’t cover the burn with a bandage or cloth if it is severe
B. you shouldn’t move the person unless you know how to do first aid
C. you shouldn’t run cool water over the burn if the skin is broken
D. you shouldn’t place any wet towels on the burned area
5.where do you probably find the passage?
A.a fashion magazine     B.a guide book
C.a book on first aid      D.a section about culture in the newspaper
Boiler rooms are often dirty and steamy, but this one is clean and cool. Fox Point is a very new 47-unit living building in South Bronx, one of the city’s poorest areas. Two-thirds of the people living there are formerly (以前) homeless people, whose rent is paid by the government. The rest are low-income families. The boiler room has special equipment, which produces energy for electricity and heat. It reuses heat that would otherwise be lost to the air, reducing carbon emissions(碳排放)while also cutting costs.
Fox Point is operated by Palladia, a group that specializes in providing housing and services to needy people. Palladia received support from Enterprise Community Partners (ECP), which helps build affordable housing by providing support to housing developers.
ECP has created national standards for healthy, environmentally (环境方面) clever and affordable homes which are called, the Green Communities Standards. These standards include water keeping, energy saving and the use of environmentally friendly building materials. Meeting the standards increases housing construction costs by 2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs. Even the positioning of a window to get most daylight can help save energy.
Michael. Bloomberg, New York's mayor plans to create 165,000 affordable housing units for 500,000 New Yorkers. Almost 80% of New York City’s greenhouse-gas emissions come from buildings, and 40% of those are caused by housing. So he recently announced that the city’s Department of Housing and Preservation and Development (DHPD) , whose duty is to develop and keep the city’s supply of affordable housing, will require all its new projects to follow ECP’s green standards.
Similar measures have been taken by other cities such as Cleveland and Denver, but New York’s DHPD is the largest city developer of affordable housing in the country.
小题1:What is the purpose of describing the boiler room in the first paragraph?
A． To explain the measures the city takes to care for poor people.
B． To suggest that affordable housing is possible in all areas.
C． To show how the environment-friendly building works.
D． To compare old and new boiler rooms.
小题2:What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards?
A． Lower running costs.
B． Costing less in construction.
C． Less air to be lost in hot days.
D． Better prices for homeless people.
小题3: It can be learned from the text that, ____________________.
A． New York City is seriously polluted
B． people’s daily life causes many carbon emissions in New York City
C． a great number of people in New York City don't have houses to live in
D． some other cities have developed more affordable housing than New York City
小题4:What is the main purpose of this text?
A． To call on people to pay more attention to housing problems.
B． To prove that some standards are needed for affordable housing.
C． To ask society to help homeless people and low-income families.
D． To introduce healthy, environmentally clever-and affordable housing.

C
Recently the World Health Organization announced that the disease of
smallpox（天花）had almost been wiped out in most parts of the world, thanks to widespread vaccination（种牛痘）. Most people are vaccinated at least once in their lives and if they wish to travel from one country to another they must be able to prove that they have had a recent vaccination. In this way the disease has been prevented from spreading and today one seldom hears of it at all.
This is mainly because of the great discovery made by a village doctor, Edward
Jenner, in about 1798 when he published his report of his new experiment called vaccination (from the word ‘vacca’ meaning a cow). Jenner discovered that people who worked with cattle often suffered from a harmless disease which they caught from the cattle, but these people never seemed to get smallpox. So he experimented by putting the disease into a small opening on the arms of healthy people, and though their arms became painful for a day or two, they soon recovered and none of these people ever got smallpox.
So the news of the wonderful discovery spread to other countries and people
rushed to their doctors to be vaccinated. In many countries the simple way to deal with the arm was done on thousands of people, and the terrible smallpox began to disappear.
71．Vaccination against smallpox has been so successful that _________ .
A．the discoverer made a large amount of money
B．Dr Jenner was given a prize by the World Health Organization
C．smallpox has almost disappeared in most countries
D．smallpox was no longer in existence on earth
72 ．Smallpox has been prevented from spreading through the following measures EXCEPT that ________.
A．most people were vaccinated against the disease at least once
B．people going abroad should promise not to spread the disease
C．people travelling from one country to another must prove they are vaccinated
D．people must be vaccinated shortly before going to foreign countries
73 ．What led Dr Jenner to experiment with vaccination was that ________ .　
A．he wanted to make a great discovery and publish it
B．vaccination could make people's arms safe
C．he tried to cure the farmers of some disease caught from the cattle
D．those who worked with cattle seemed free from getting smallpox
74．The doctor's new discovery was called ‘vaccination’ for the reason that ________ .
A．he discovered smallpox near a farm
B．he experimented with a disease from the cattle
C．he was working with cattle in the countryside
D．people got the disease of smallpox from the cattle
75．The news of the discovery ________.
A．caught people's attention from all corners of the world
B．spread far and near in the western countries
C．made people rush to Dr Jenner for vaccination
D．helped to get rid of the terrible disease of smallpox

第二卷（满分50分）
Ⅰ：阅读理解：（共8小题，每题1分，总分8分）
（A）
Chocolate might lower your chances of having a heart problem. According to a new study, a new study, a small amount of chocolate every day could decrease the risk of having a heart attack, by nearly 40 percent, German researchers followed nearly 20,000 people over eight years, sending them several questionnaires about their diet and exercise habits. They found people who had an an average of six grams of chocolate a day—or about one square of a chocolate bar—had a 39 percent lower risk of a heart attack.
Previous studies have suggested dark chocolate in small amounts could be good for you, but this is the first study to track its effects over such a long period. Experts think the flavonols（黄酮醇）contained in chocolate are responsible. Flavonols, also found in vegetables and red wine, help the muscles in blood vessels（血管）widen, which leads to a drop in blood pressure. “It’s a bit too early to come up with recommendations that people should eat more chocolate, but if people replace sugar or high-fat snacks with a little piece of dark chocolate, that might help,” said Brian Buijsse, a doctor at the German Institute of Human Nutrition in Nuthetal, Germany, the study’s lead author.
The people tracked by Buijsse and colleagues had no history of heart problems, had similar habits for risk factors like smoking and exercise, and did not vary widely in their Body Mass Index（身体质量指数）.
Since the study only observed people and did not give them chocolate directly to test what its effects were, experts said more research was needed to determine the candy’s exact impact on the body. Doctors also warned that eating large amounts of chocolate could lead to weight gain. “This is not a prescription（指示）to eat more chocolate,” said Robert Eckel, a professor of medicine at the University of Colorado who is not linked to the study. “If we all had (a small amount of)chocolate every day for the rest of our lives, we would all gain a few pounds.” Eckel said it was amazing to find such a small amount of chocolate could have such a protective effect, but that more studies were needed to confirm its conclusions.
1．What is the main purpose of the article?
A．To suggest people eat as much dark chocolate as possible.
B．To warn people not to eat too much chocolate.
C．To tell people how to avoid a heart attack.
D．To report on a study about the benefits of chocolate.
2．Both Buijsse and Eckel believe that        .
A．dark chocolate in enough amounts could be good for our health
B．eating large amounts of chocolate could lead to weight gain
C．we can cure our heart problems with dark chocolate
D．we’d better not advise people to eat more chocolate at present
3．Which of the following statements about the study is FALSE?
A．It’s the first time that the effects of dark chocolate has been examined.
B．The researchers followed nearly 20,000 people for over eight years.
C．The researchers didn’t give any diet instructions to the people followed by the study.
D．The study found that eating about six grams of chocolate a day was beneficial.
4．We can infer from the text that         .
A．eating a small amount of dark chocolate will lower your blood pressure
B．scientists are now certain of the effects of dark chocolate
C．eating a little chocolate over a long period will not lead to weight gain
D．Flavonols can only be found in dark chocolate and red wine

III．完形填空(共20小题：每小题1 5分，满分30分)
请阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项的涂黑。
One day I took my son to the doctor’s for a physical examination and being flu season there were several children there with physical and mental disabilities．Right  36  from us was a man with his son in a wheel chaff．The chair secured the boy who probably couldn’t sit up on his own．They boy  37  very slowly and was severely mentally and physically challenged．But his eyes  38   up when I asked the daddy if I could  39   my son to him．Jeremy had been  40  him and told me he couldn’t talk so I asked the dad if we could  41  him．The dad seemed   42  too so I crossed the room to sit down right by him and asked the boy his  43 ．He said，“Ten”I said，“Hi，Tim, this is Jeremy．”Then I asked，“How old are you，Tim?”He said，“Ten．”While I talked with him I rubbed his leg   44  and I could see he was trying to put his      45   out for me to grab it．The conversation was short but   46 ．The nurse then called them in and the dad  47  me and we said goodbye．
On the way home，I was able to explain to Jeremy that Tim has    48  just like any kid who wants to  49 ．He wants to have friends and experience life and love his family．He doesn’t want to be laughed at or pointed at just  50  he is different．I don’t know if it made a(n)  51 on Jeremy that day，but I feel that it did．We will   52  to speak with whoever comes along our path no matter how   53  they ale from us．Teaching our children not to stare is probably  54 ．But teaching them to shale a   55 with people who ale different is truly remarkable !
36．A．opposite      B．above          C．among     D．across
37．A．spoke          B．walked        C．ate    D．looked
38．A．came    B．got       C．1it    D．pulled
39．A．point    B．1ead     C．take D．introduce
40．A．running after       B．1aughing at         C．staring at D．looking after
41．A．meet    B．check          C．cheer       D．help
42．A．interested     B．happy          C．surprised D．sorry
43．A．condition     B．problem       C．age   D．name
44．A．joyfully       B．heavily        C．gently       D．eagerly
45．A．hand    B．foot      C．1eg   D．head
46．A．simple         B．boring         C．sweet       D．sad
47．A．rewarded     B．thanked       C．invited     D．moved
48．A．troubles       B．words          C．ideas        D．feelings
49．A．疗tin          B．standup        C．go through      D．set out
50．A．once     B．but       C．because    D．so
51．A．message       B．impression          C．mark       D．expression
52．A．decide         B．prefer          C．continue   D．stop
53．A．ugly     B．beautiful      C．far    D．different
54．A．impossible          B．normal        C．meaningless     D．easy
55．A．viewpoint    B．toy       C．conversation    D．1esson

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