ÌâÄ¿ÄÚÈÝ
18£®Á×ÊǵؿÇÖк¬Á¿½ÏΪ·á¸»µÄ·Ç½ðÊôÔªËØ£¬Ö÷ÒªÒÔÄÑÈÜÓÚË®µÄÁ×ËáÑÎÈçCa3£¨PO4£©2µÈÐÎʽ´æÔÚ£®ËüµÄµ¥Öʺͻ¯ºÏÎïÔÚ¹¤Å©ÒµÉú²úÖÐÓÐ×ÅÖØÒªµÄÓ¦Ó㮣¨1£©°×Á×£¨P4£©¿ÉÓÉCa3£¨PO4£©2¡¢½¹Ì¿ºÍSiO2ÔÚµç¯ÖиßΣ¨¡«1550¡æ£©ÏÂͨ¹ýÏÂÃæÈý¸ö·´Ó¦¹²È۵õ½£®
¢Ù4Ca3£¨PO4£©2£¨s£©+10C£¨s£©¨T12CaO£¨s£©+2P4£¨s£©+10CO2£¨g£©¡÷H1=+Q1kJ•mol-1
¢ÚCaO£¨s£©+SiO2£¨s£©¨TCaSiO3£¨s£©¡÷H2=-Q2 kJ•mol-1
¢ÛCO2£¨g£©+C£¨s£©¨T2CO£¨g£©¡÷H3=+Q3kJ•mol-1
ÒÑÖª£ºCaSiO3µÄÈ۵㣨1546¡æ£©±ÈSiO2µÍ£®
д³öÓÉÁ×Ëá¸Æ¿óÖÆÈ¡°×Á××ܵķ´Ó¦·½³Ìʽ2Ca3£¨PO4£©2+6SiO2+10C$\frac{\underline{\;¸ßÎÂ\;}}{\;}$6CaSiO3+P4+10CO£®
£¨2£©°×Á×ÔÚÈȵÄŨÇâÑõ»¯¼ØÈÜÒºÖÐÆ绯µÃµ½Ò»ÖÖ´ÎÁ×ËáÑΣ¨KH2PO2£©ºÍÒ»ÖÖÆøÌåPH3£¨Ð´»¯Ñ§Ê½£©£®
£¨3£©Á×µÄÖØÒª»¯ºÏÎïNaH2PO4¿Éͨ¹ýH3PO4ÓëNaOHÈÜÒº·´Ó¦»ñµÃ£®¹¤ÒµÉÏΪÁËʹ·´Ó¦µÄÖ÷Òª²úÎïÊÇNaH2PO4£¬Í¨³£½«pH¿ØÖÆÔÚ2.1¡«7.2Ö®¼ä £¨ÒÑÖªÁ×ËáµÄ¸÷¼¶µçÀë³£ÊýΪ£ºK1=7.1¡Á10-3K2=6.3¡Á10-8K3=4.2¡Á10-13 lg7.1¡Ö0.9 lg6.3¡Ö0.8 lg4.2¡Ö0.6£©£®Na2HPO4 ÈÜÒºÏÔ¼îÐÔ£¬ÈôÏòÆäÈÜÒºÖмÓÈë×ãÁ¿µÄCaCl2 ÈÜÒº£¬ÈÜÒºÔòÏÔËáÐÔ£¬ÆäÔÒòÊÇ3Ca2++2HPO4-=Ca3£¨PO4 £©2¡ý+2H+ £¨ÓÃÀë×Ó·½³Ìʽ±íʾ£©£®
£¨4£©°×Á×Öж¾ºó¿ÉÓÃCuSO4ÈÜÒº½â¶¾£¬½â¶¾ÔÀí¿ÉÓÃÏÂÁл¯Ñ§·½³Ìʽ±íʾ£º11P 4+60CuSO4+96H2O¨T20Cu3P+24H3PO4+60H2SO460molCuSO4ÄÜÑõ»¯°×Á×µÄÎïÖʵÄÁ¿ÊÇ3mol£®
·ÖÎö £¨1£©ÒÀ¾ÝÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³ÌʽºÍ¸Ç˹¶¨ÂɼÆËãËùÐ軯ѧ·½³Ìʽ£»
£¨2£©Æ绯·´Ó¦Á×ÔªËØÉý¸ßΪ´ÎÁ×ËáÑΣ¬Á×ÔªËØ»¯ºÏ¼ÛΪ+1¼Û£¬½µµÍµÄÖ»ÄÜΪ¸º¼Û£¬ÔòΪÇ⻯Î
£¨3£©H3PO4?H++H2PO4-K1=7.1¡Á10-3£»H2PO4-?H++HPO42-K2=6.3¡Á10-8£»HPO42-?H++HPO43-K3=4.2¡Á10-13£»ÉÏÒ»¼¶µçÀë²úÉúµÄH+¶ÔÏÂÒ»¼¶µçÀëÓÐÒÖÖÆ×÷Óã»Îª»ñµÃ¾¡¿ÉÄÜ´¿µÄNaH2PO4£¬ÐèH2PO4-Ũ¶È×î´ó£¬¸ù¾ÝK1¡¢K2¡¢ÒÔ¼°pH=-lgc£¨H+£©¼ÆË㣻
ÈôÏòNa2HPO4ÈÜÒºÖмÓÈë×ãÁ¿µÄCaCl2ÈÜÒº£¬HPO42-Àë×ÓºÍCa2+Àë×Ó·´Ó¦Éú³É³Áµí£¬´Ù½øHPO42-µÄµçÀ룬ÈÜÒºÏÔʾËáÐÔ£»
£¨4£©CuÔªËصĻ¯ºÏ¼ÛÓÉ+2¼Û½µµÍµ½+1¼Û£¬CuSO4ÊÇÑõ»¯¼Á£¬P4²¿·ÖÁ×ÔªËØÓÉ0¼Û½µµÍµ½-3¼Û£¬²¿·ÖÁ×ÔªËØÓÉ0¼ÛÉý¸ßµ½+5¼Û£¬Á×ÔªËصĻ¯ºÏ¼Û¼ÈÉý¸ßÓÖ½µµÍ£¬ËùÒÔP4¼ÈÊÇÑõ»¯¼ÁÓÖÊÇ»¹Ô¼Á£¬ÈôÓÐ11molP4²Î¼Ó·´Ó¦£¬ÆäÖÐ5molµÄP4×öÑõ»¯¼Á£¬60molÁòËáÍ×öÑõ»¯¼Á£¬Ö»ÓÐ6molµÄP4×ö»¹Ô¼Á£¬½áºÏµç×ÓÊغãÀ´½â´ð£®
½â´ð ½â£º£¨1£©¢Ù4Ca3£¨PO4£©2£¨s£©+10C£¨s£©=12CaO£¨s£©+2P4£¨s£©+10CO2£¨g£©¡÷H1=+Q1kJ•mol-1
¢ÚCaO£¨s£©+SiO2£¨s£©=CaSiO3£¨s£©¡÷H2=-Q2 kJ•mol-1
¢ÛCO2£¨g£©+C£¨s£©=2CO£¨g£©¡÷H3=+Q3kJ•mol-1
ÒÀ¾ÝÈÈ»¯Ñ§·½³ÌʽºÍ¸Ç˹¶¨ÂɼÆËãµÃµ½¢Ù¡Á$\frac{1}{2}$+¢Û+¢Ú¡Á6µÃµ½»¯Ñ§·½³ÌʽΪ£º2Ca3£¨PO4£©2+6SiO2+10C$\frac{\underline{\;¸ßÎÂ\;}}{\;}$6CaSiO3+P4+10CO£¬
¹Ê´ð°¸Îª£º2Ca3£¨PO4£©2+6SiO2+10C$\frac{\underline{\;¸ßÎÂ\;}}{\;}$6CaSiO3+P4+10CO£»
£¨2£©°×Á×ÔÚÈȵÄŨÇâÑõ»¯¼ØÈÜÒºÖÐ᪻¯µÃµ½Ò»ÖÖ´ÎÁ×ËáÑΣ¨KH2PO2£©ºÍÒ»ÖÖÆøÌ壬Æ绯·´Ó¦Á×ÔªËØÉý¸ßΪ´ÎÁ×ËáÑΣ¬Á×ÔªËØ»¯ºÏ¼ÛΪ+1¼Û£¬½µµÍµÄÖ»ÄÜΪ¸º¼Û£¬ÔòΪÇ⻯ÎïPH3£»
¹Ê´ð°¸Îª£ºPH3£»
£¨3£©Îª»ñµÃ¾¡¿ÉÄÜ´¿µÄNaH2PO4£¬ÐèÅäÖÆÁ×Ëá¡¢Á×Ëá¶þÇâÄƵĻº³åÈÜÒº£¬µ±ÈÜҺȫ²¿ÎªÁ×ËáÈÜҺʱ£¬Á×ËáÒÔµÚÒ»²½µçÀëΪÖ÷£¬ËùÒÔH3PO4?H++H2PO4-K1=7.1¡Á10-3£»PH=-lgc£¨H+£©=3-lg7.1¡Ö2.1£¬
µ±ÈÜҺȫ²¿ÎªNaH2PO4ÈÜҺʱ£¬H2PO4-?H++HPO42-K2=6.3¡Á10-8£¬ËùÒÔpH=-lgc£¨H+£©=8-lg6.3¡Ö7.2£¬
ËùÒÔpHÓ¦¿ØÖƽéÓÚ2.1¡«7.2Ö®¼ä£¬
HPO42-Àë×Ó¼ÈÄÜ·¢ÉúµçÀëÓÖÄÜ·¢ÉúË®½â£¬µçÀ뷴ӦʽΪHPO42-?PO43-+H+£¬Ë®½â·´Ó¦Ê½ÎªHPO42-+H2O?H2PO4-+OH-£¬ÈÜÒº³Ê¼îÐÔ£¬ËµÃ÷Ë®½â³Ì¶È´óÓÚµçÀë³Ì¶È£»
ÓÉÓÚHPO42-Àë×ÓºÍCa2+Àë×Ó·´Ó¦Éú³É³Áµí£º3Ca2++2HPO42-¨TCa3£¨PO4£©2¡ý+2H+£¬´Ù½øHPO42-µÄµçÀ룬ÈÜÒºÔòÏÔËáÐÔ£»
¹Ê´ð°¸Îª£º2.1¡«7.2£¬3Ca2++2HPO4-=Ca3£¨PO4 £©2¡ý+2H+£»
£¨4£©CuÔªËصĻ¯ºÏ¼ÛÓÉ+2¼Û½µµÍµ½+1¼Û£¬CuSO4ÊÇÑõ»¯¼Á£¬P4²¿·ÖÁ×ÔªËØÓÉ0¼Û½µµÍµ½-3¼Û£¬²¿·ÖÁ×ÔªËØÓÉ0¼ÛÉý¸ßµ½+5¼Û£¬Á×ÔªËصĻ¯ºÏ¼Û¼ÈÉý¸ßÓÖ½µµÍ£¬ËùÒÔP4¼ÈÊÇÑõ»¯¼ÁÓÖÊÇ»¹Ô¼Á£¬ÈôÓÐ11molP4²Î¼Ó·´Ó¦£¬ÆäÖÐ5molµÄP4×öÑõ»¯¼Á£¬60molÁòËáÍ×öÑõ»¯¼Á£¬Ö»ÓÐ6molµÄP4×ö»¹Ô¼Á£¬
ÔòÓɵç×ÓÊغã¿ÉÖª£¬ÓÐ60molµÄCuSO4²Î¼Ó·´Ó¦£¬60molCuSO4µÃµ½60molµç×Ó£¬1molP4²Î¼Ó·´Ó¦Ê§È¥20molµç×Ó£¬ËùÒÔ60molCuSO4ÄÜÑõ»¯°×Á×µÄÎïÖʵÄÁ¿ÊÇ$\frac{60}{20}$=3mol£¬
¹Ê´ð°¸Îª£º3mol£®
µãÆÀ ±¾Ì⿼²éËá¼î»ìºÏµÄ¶¨ÐÔÅжϺͼÆËã¡¢¸Ç˹¶¨ÂɵÄÓ¦Óá¢Ñõ»¯»¹Ô·´Ó¦µç×ÓתÒƼÆËã¡¢Àë×Ó·½³ÌʽµÄÊéдµÈ£¬ÌâÄ¿Éæ¼°µÄ֪ʶµã½Ï¶à£¬²àÖØÓÚѧÉúµÄ·ÖÎöÄÜÁ¦ºÍ¼ÆËãÄÜÁ¦µÄ¿¼²é£¬ÌâÄ¿ÄѶÈÖеȣ®
A£® | K+¡¢SiO32-¡¢Cl-¡¢NO3- | B£® | Cu2+¡¢NH4+¡¢Al3+¡¢SO42- | ||
C£® | Na+¡¢S2-¡¢OH-¡¢SO42- | D£® | Na+¡¢ClO-¡¢CH3COO-¡¢HCO3- |
²½ÖèºÍÏÖÏó | ÏÖÏó |
¢ñ£®½«µÈÌå»ýµÈŨ¶ÈµÄAgNO3ÈÜÒººÍNaClÈÜÒº»ìºÏµÃµ½×ÇÒºW£¬¹ýÂË£¬µÃµ½ÂËÒºXºÍ°×É«³ÁµíY | |
¢ò£®ÏòÂËÒºXÖеμӼ¸µÎ±¥ºÍNa2SÈÜÒº | ³öÏÖ»ë×Ç |
¢ó£®È¡ÉÙÁ¿°×É«³ÁµíY£¬µÎ¼Ó¼¸µÎ±¥ºÍNa2SÈÜÒº | ³Áµí±äΪºÚÉ« |
¢ô£®È¡ÉÙÁ¿°×É«³ÁµíY£¬µÎ¼Ó¼¸µÎŨ°±Ë® | ³ÁµíÖð½¥Èܽâ |
£¨2£©Óɲ½Öè¢òµÄ»ë×Ç¿ÉÍƲ⣬ÂËÒºXÖгýÁ˺¬ÓÐNa+¡¢NO3-£¬»¹º¬ÓеÄÀë×ÓÓÐAg+¡¢Cl-£®
£¨3£©ÄÜ˵Ã÷²½Öè¢óÖгÁµí±äºÚµÄÀë×Ó·½³ÌʽΪ2AgCl£¨s£©+S2-¨TAg2S£¨s£©+2Cl-£®³Áµíת»¯µÄÖ÷ÒªÔÒòÊǸÃζÈÏ£¬Ag2S±ÈAgClÈܽâ¶È¸üС£®
£¨4£©ÒÑÖª£ºAg++2NH3•H2O Ag£¨NH3£©2++2H2O£¬ÓÃƽºâÒƶ¯ÔÀí½âÊͲ½Öè¢ôÖмÓÈëŨ°±Ë®³ÁµíÖð½¥ÈܽâµÄÔÒòAgCl£¨g£© Ag+£¨aq£©+Cl-£¨aq£©£¬ÒøÀë×ÓÓ백ˮ½áºÏ£¬½µµÍÁËÈÜÒºÖÐÒøÀë×ÓµÄŨ¶È£¬Ê¹ÉÏÊöƽºâÕýÏòÒƶ¯£¬´ÙʹAgClÈܽ⣮
£¨5£©½áºÏÉÏÊöÐÅÏ¢·ÖÎö£¬ÏÂÁÐÔ¤²â²»ÕýÈ·µÄÊÇBC£®
A£®ÔÚ²½Öè¢ôÖ®ºó£¬¼ÌÐøµÎ¼ÓŨÏõËáºóÓÖÓÐAgCl³ÁµíÉú³É
B£®Óɲ½Öè¢ô¿ÉÒÔÍƲ⣺ʵÑéÊÒ¿ÉÓð±Ë®Ï´µÓÒø¾µ·´Ó¦ºóµÄÊÔ¹Ü
C£®ÈôÔÚ°×É«³ÁµíYÖеμÓNaOHÈÜÒº£¬³ÁµíÒ²ÄÜÈܽ⣮
A£® | 100mL¡¡0.01mol/LµÄCH3COOHÈÜÒºÓë10mL¡¡0.1mol/LµÄCH3COOHÈÜÒºµÄH+ÊýÄ¿ | |
B£® | ³£ÎÂÏÂpH=4µÄKHSO4ÈÜÒººÍCH3COOKÈÜÒºÖÐÓÉË®µçÀë³öµÄOH-Àë×ÓŨ¶È | |
C£® | ´¿Ë®ÔÚ100¡æʱµÄpHºÍ25¡æʱµÄpH | |
D£® | 100mL¡¡0.01mol/LµÄCH3COOHÈÜÒºÓë10mL¡¡0.1mol/LµÄCH3COOHÈÜÒºµÄH+Ũ¶È |
A£® | 2 | B£® | 3 | C£® | 4 | D£® | 5 |
A£® | 1mol±½ÒÒÏ©ÄÜÓë4mol H2·¢Éú¼Ó³É·´Ó¦£¬ËµÃ÷Æä·Ö×ÓÄÚº¬ÓÐ4¸ö̼̼˫¼ü | |
B£® | ÓÃŨNa2SO4¡¢CuSO4ÈÜÒº»òŨÏõËáÈÜҺʹµ°ÇåÒº·¢ÉúÑÎÎö£¬½ø¶ø·ÖÀë¡¢Ìá´¿µ°°×ÖÊ | |
C£® | µí·ÛË®½âÓëÏËάËØË®½âʱËùÉú³ÉµÄ×îÖÕ²úÎï²»Ïàͬ | |
D£® | ÓÍÖ¬¿ÉÒÔÓëNaOHÈÜÒº·¢ÉúÔí»¯·´Ó¦ |
¢ñA | ¢òA | ¢óA | ¢ôA | ¢õA | ¢öA | ¢÷A | 0 | |
2 | a | b | ||||||
3 | c | d | e | f | g | h | i |
¢Úc¡¢d¡¢e¡¢bµÄÔ×Ӱ뾶ÓÉ´óµ½Ð¡µÄ˳ÐòÊÇNa£¾Mg£¾Al£¾F£»
¢Ûg¡¢hµÄ×î¸ß¼ÛÑõ»¯ÎïµÄË®»¯ÎïÖÐËáÐÔÇ¿µÄÊÇHClO4£»
¢Üa¡¢fµÄÇ⻯ÎïÖÐÎȶ¨ÐÔÇ¿µÄÊÇSiH4£®
¢ÝaÔªËغÍÇâÔªËØÐγɵĻ¯ºÏÎïµÄµç×ÓʽÊÇ£®
¢ÞcÔªËغÍbÔªËØÐγɵĻ¯ºÏÎïÖк¬ÓеĻ¯Ñ§¼üÀàÐÍÊÇÀë×Ó¼ü£®
£¨2£©Ï±íÊÇÔªËØÖÜÆÚ±íµÄÒ»¸öƬ¶Î£¬¸÷ÔªËؾùÊôÓÚ¶ÌÖÜÆÚÔªËØ
¢ÙÈôXµÄµ¥ÖÊΪ¿ÕÆøµÄÖ÷Òª³É·ÖÖ®Ò»£¬ÔòWµÄÔ×ӽṹʾÒâͼ£»
¢ÚÈôYÄÜÓëÄÆÐγɷ´Ó¦Éú³Éµ»ÆÉ«¹ÌÌ壬Ôò¸Ãµ»ÆÉ«¹ÌÌåµÄ»¯Ñ§Ê½ÎªNa2O2£»º¬ÓеĻ¯Ñ§¼üÀàÐÍÓÐÀë×Ó¼ü¡¢¹²¼Û¼ü£®