题目内容

【题目】阅读下面文段,回答下列各题。

这一切特点都有一定的风格和手法,为匠师们所遵守,为人民所承认,我们可以叫它做中国建筑的文法。建筑和语言文字一样,一个民族总是创造出他们世世代代所喜爱,因而沿用的惯例,成了法式。在西方,希腊、罗马体系创造了它们的五种典范,成为它们建筑的方式。中国建筑怎样砍割并组织木材成为梁架,成为斗拱,成为一,成为个别建筑物的框架,怎样用举架的公式求得屋顶的曲面和曲线轮廓;怎样结束瓦顶;怎样求得台基、台阶、栏杆的比例;怎样切削生硬的结构部分,使同时成为柔和的、曲面的、图案型的装饰物;怎样布置并联系各种不同的个别建筑,组成庭院;这都是我们建筑上两三千年沿用并发展下来的惯例法式。无论每种具体的实物怎样千变万化,它们都遵循着那些法式。构件与构件之间,构件和它们的加工处理装饰,个别建筑物和个别建筑物之间,都有一定的处理方法和相互关系,所以我们说它是一种建筑上的文法。至如梁、柱、枋、懔、门、窗、墙、瓦、槛、阶、栏杆、隔扇、斗拱、正脊、垂脊、正吻、戗兽、正房、厢房、游廊、庭院、夹道等等。那就是我们建筑上的词汇,是构成一座或一组建筑的不可少的构件和因素。

这种文法有一定的拘束性,但同时也有极大的运用的灵活性,能有多样性的表现。也如同做文章一样,在文法的拘束性之下,仍可以有许多体裁,有多样性的创作,如文章之有诗、词、歌、赋、论著、散文、小说,等等。建筑的 文章也可因不同的命题,有 大文章小品。大文章如宫殿、庙宇等等;小品如山亭、水榭、一轩、一楼。文字上有一面横额,一副对子,纯粹作点缀装饰用的。建筑也有类似的东西,如在路的尽头的一座影壁,或横跨街中心的几座牌楼等等。它们之所以都是中国建筑,具有共同的中国建筑的特性和特色,就是因为它们都用中国建筑的词汇,遵循着中国建筑的 文法所组织起来的。运用这文法的规则,为了不同的需要,可以用极不相同的 词汇构成极不相同的体形,表达极不相同的情感,解决极不相同的问题,创造极不相同的类型。

这种词汇文法到底是什么呢?归根说来,它们是从世世代代的劳动人民在长期建筑活动的实践中所累积的经验中提炼出来的,经过千百年的考验,而普遍地受到承认而遵守的规则和惯例。它是智慧的结晶,是劳动和创造成果的总结。它不是一人一时的创作,它是整个民族和地方的物质和精神条件下的产物。

由这文法词汇组织而成的这种建筑形式,既经广大人民所接受, 为他们所承认、所喜爱,虽然原先是从木材结构产生的,但它们很快地就越过材料的限制,同样运用到砖石建筑上去,以表现那些建筑物的性质,表达所要表达的情感。这说明为什么在中国无数的建筑上都常常应用原来用在木材结构上的词汇文法

【1】中国建筑的文法指的是什么?为了说明这种文法作者列举了那些事例?请举例说明。

【2】中国建筑的“文法”具有怎样的特点?作者在说明这一问题时用了什么修辞手法?请简要分析。

【3】文章中说的建筑词汇指的是什么?

【4】结合原文回答:为什么在中国无数的建筑上都常常应用原来用在木材结构上的“词汇”和“文法”?

【答案】

【1】指中国的建筑都有着一定的风格和手法,已成了人们沿用的惯例,成了法式。这种中国建筑的法式或惯例被称为文法。作者列举了西方五种典范做对比,列举了中国的建筑法式:木架结构、斗拱、间、屋顶……列举了台基、台阶、栏杆,列举了庭院的组成。

【2】具有拘束性灵活性。用了比喻修辞手法来说明:文章比喻建筑;文章的法式比喻建筑的法式;文章的文法约束下的各种体裁比喻不同的饿建筑,大文章小品比喻宫殿、庙宇等建筑。

【3】指的是构成一座或一组建筑的不可少的构件和因素。

【4】因为这种“文法”和“词汇”既为广大人民所接受,又为他们所承认、所喜爱。

【解析】

【1】理解文中重要句子的含意。能力层级为理解B。先回答出文法的含义,再结合文本,说出具体的例子。

【2】筛选并整合文中的信息。能力层级为分析综合C。先回答出中国建筑的“文法”的特点,然后再回答出具体的修辞手法及作用。

【3】理解文中重要句子的含意。能力层级为理解B。结合句子所在的位置,回答出词汇的具体含义。

【4】理解文中重要词语的含意。能力层级为理解B。注意题干中的提示,结合原文回答

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相关题目

【题目】请阅读下列应用文和相关信息,并按照要求匹配信息。

A. Taking care of yourself is not being selfish. By caring enough to treat your body well, you will be in better shape to take care of those around you. No one can take care of your health except your-self.

B. Believe in yourself and your ability. Have a “can do” attitude. Make a list of successful changes that you have made in the past. It is easier to achieve a goal when you are optimistic. Use humor and laugh off occasional lapses (过失). Have confidence that you can get back on track with your healthy routine.

C. Seek out a friend or co-worker who will make you feel comfortable. You will find out making friends is a happy thing in the world. Regular phone calls ,emails or visits over coffee could help you keep a good contact with them. Perhaps your cheerleader could become your exercise buddy.

D. Reward yourself as you make simple changes that in the end will result in achieving your overall goal. Celebration is part of successful change. Create a list of incentives that will keep you motivated.

E. Adopt eating and physical activity habits that can become part of your lifestyle. Have a backup plan for those days when your plans to eat well and be active are challenged. If you can't walk due to the weather, have an exercise video to use. If you have no time to pack a healthy lunch, choose a small fast food sandwich and side salad.

F. Go on a trip. Work and family are two most important things in people's lives. People try to tack-le the two things at once, but most of them fail. Just as an old saying goes People who know how to rest know how to work. Go out with your family and have a good time.

请阅读以下个人信息,然后匹配信息。

1 Tommy, a computer engineer, doesn't believe his working capability. Though he works hard, he never gets praise from his boss.

2 Jack dislikes going home after a full day's work. He says that it makes him feel lonely.

3 Linda, a housewife, spends most of her time cooking and looking after babies. She is worn out now.

4 Bob, a businessman, doesn't care much about his success and has lost his struggling motivation.

5 Cathy worked continuously for two weeks without rest. Now she is worried about her family, especially her five-year-old daughter.

【题目】Every morning, before dropping her son off at school, my friend would stop on the way to work to grab a quick breakfast. They tended to frequent the restaurant every morning grabbing an egg sandwich, juice, coffee for herself, milk for her son.

One day she an additional breakfast. When they had eaten and walked out of the door, she stopped and said good morning to a man who was sitting alone outside the restaurant and him the additional breakfast she had bought. He her, grinning, telling her it was the first meal he had in a great many days. She couldn't help but feel and was glad she finally took action.

She told her son that she had him every day that week outside the restaurant and that no one, herself included, had to offer him food, drink, comfort, etc. She further that homelessness can happen to anyone and the importance of service to others and acts of kindness were.

And so her kindness tradition... each day thereafter she and her son (12 to buy and supply the homeless gentleman with breakfast. The was going on until they several years later but the lesson was implanted (植入) in her son by then.

She as she told me that this kindness legacy to her son, who remembered this childhood tradition and lesson. Now a college graduate and employed, her son stops every day at Starbucks for his morning cup of coffee and purchases a for a homeless person nearby before commuting (上下班往返) to the .

What a great family legacy that he can pass along to his children as well...

【1】 A. small B. same C. crowded D. ordinary

【2】 A. received B. demanded C. expected D. ordered

【3】 A. strong B. kind C. homeless D. sick

【4】 A. handed B. bought C. supplied D. provided

【5】 A. remembered B. thanked C. respected D. paid

【6】 A. grateful B. sorry C. anxious D. good

【7】 A. helped B. seen C. disliked D. missed

【8】 A. agreed B. refused C. stopped D. appeared

【9】 A. shouted B. replied C. argued D. explained

【10】 A. what B. which C. how D. where

【11】 A. ended B. began C. met D. presented

【12】 A. hesitated B. hurried C. continued D. needed

【13】 A. moment B. life C. practice D. performance

【14】 A. moved away B. got around C. turned down D. broke up

【15】 A. hardly B. firmly C. happily D. slightly

【16】 A. smiled B. cheered C. sighed D. wondered

【17】 A. came B. occurred C. went D. belonged

【18】 A. regularly B. carefully C. entirely D. gainfully

【19】 A. chance B. tent C. shirt D. breakfast

【20】 A. city B. office C. house D. school

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