6、       Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards(外部奖赏), from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.                             

    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness(创造力), according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology".             

       "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much desire for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore

failing grades.                                                                                 

    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.       

71．Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _____.

       A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

       B．the amount of monetary rewards for students' creativity

       C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences

       D．the effects of external rewards on students' performance

72．What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?      

       A．They have no doubts about them.

       B．They have doubts about them.

       C．They approve of them.                        

       D．They avoid talking about them.

73．Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?

       A．Giving them tasks they have not dealt with before.

       B．Giving them tasks which require inventiveness.

       C．Giving them rewards they really deserve.

       D．Giving them rewards they hope for.

74．.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.

       A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

       B．punishment is more effective than rewarding

       C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards                

       D．discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency                                                    

75．The phrase "token economies" (Sentence 1, Paragraph 5) probably refers to _____.       

       A．ways to develop economy                   

       B．systems of rewarding students

       C．approaches to solving problems

       D．methods of improving performance

5、       A lot of us lose life’s tough battles by starting a frontal(正面的)attack―when a touch of humor might well enable us to win. Consider the case of a young friend of mine, who hit a traffic jam on his way to work shortly after receiving an ultimatum(最后通牒) about being late on the job. Although there was a good reason for Sam’s a being late―serious illness at home―he decided that this by-now-familiar excuse wouldn’t work any longer. His supervisor was probably already pacing up and down preparing a dismissal speech.

       Yes, the boss was, Sam entered the office at 9:35. The place was as quiet as a locker room(更衣室); everyone was hard at work. Sam’s supervisor came up to him. Suddenly, Sam forced a grin and stretched out his hand. “How do you do!” he said. “I’m Sam Maynard. I’m applying for a job. Which, I understand, became available just 35 minutes ago. Does the early bird get the worm?”

       The room exploded in laughter. The supervisor clamped off a smile and walked back to his office. Sam Maynard had saved his job―with the only tool that could win, a laugh.

       Humor is a most effective, yet frequently neglected, means of handling the difficult situations in our lives. It can be used for patching up differences, apologizing, saying “no”, criticizing, getting the other fellow to do what you want without his losing face. For some jobs, it’s the only tool that can succeed. It is a way to discuss subjects so sensitive that serious dialog may start a quarrel. For example, many believe that comedians on television are doing more today for racial and religious tolerance(忍受力) than people in any other forum.

67．Why was Sam late for his job?

       A．Because he was ill.

       B．Because he got up late.

       C．Because he was caught in a traffic jam.

       D．He was busy applying for a new job.

68．The main idea of this passage is ________.

       A．Sam Maynard applied for the same job again

       B．humor is important in our lives

       C．early bird gets the worm

       D．humor can solve racial discriminations

69．The phrase “clamped off” in Paragraph 3 probably means trying to________.

       A．hold back         B．set off              C．leave behind      D．gave out

70．Which of the following statements can we infer from the passage?

       A．Many lose life’s battles for they start a frontal attack.

       B．It wasn’t the first time that Sam came late for his work.

       C．Sam was supposed to come to his office at 8:30.

       D．Humor is a very effective way of dealing with difficult situations.

4、 

63．Who is suitable to work as a Community Representative in YOUTH International?

A．One who enjoys working with teenagers from different countries.

B．One who hopes to take action in fighting against diseases.

C．One who has a strong desire to improve his or her English.

D．One who wants to earn some pocket money in the program.

64．Where will Jack, a volunteer, receive the training before he is sent to work in Malawi?

      A．In some local offices in the U.S.          B．In an ESL organization in China.

      C．In a preparation program in Denmark.   D．In an exchange student center in Africa.

65．If Mrs. Black in the U.S. hopes to learn some Chinese at home, she may contact _______.

     A．takeaction@betterworld.com              B．ram3462@hotmail.com

     C．club3864@hotmail.com                     D．staff@youth.org

66．What are volunteers for an experiment over the Internet supposed to do?

    A．To interview people online.                 B．To do some housework.

    C．To offer advice on Child Aid.              D．To provide language exercises.

3、       China will plan to make new rules to give more controls over the growing number of blogs and webcasts.

       Nowadays, advanced network technologies, such as Hogging and webcasting, are being improved to challenge the government’s ability to watch over the Internet.

       Chinese government was in the middle of making new rules over Internet publishing, and blogs and websites that publishing webcasts would fall under these rules.

       Government officials hope the new rules would ensure a more healthy and active Internet environment and would fully respect and protect Chinese citizens' freedom of speech. Specific details on what kind of rules would be carried out are still unknown to the public.

       Despite the growing popularity, bloggers and webcasters have been unpopular with publication institutions.

       In 2006, a series of cases involving bloggers who had dived into other people’s privacy and written materials ruining other’s fame urged the government to consider whether to require bloggers to use their real names when they login in.

       Webcasting without copyright and illegally “copying" products from copyrighted materials have also led government officials to consider starting a nationwide check of online video broadcasting, and allow only qualified websites to continue offering webcasts.

60．What can be the best title of the passage?

       A．The Increases of Blogs and Webcasts. 

       B．New Rules to Control Internet Publishing.

       C．Technologies Challenge the Government.

       D．The Popularity of Online Video Broadcasting.

61．Chinese government thinks current Internet environment is ______.

       A．quite healthy       B．less active         C． rather hopeful    D．less piloted

62．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

       A．Publication institutions are unhappy with bloggers and webcasters.

       B．All bloggers and webcasters like to dig out other people’s privacy.

       C．Webcasters are quite aware of the copyright issues while online.

       D．Copyrighted materials can only be offered to qualified websites.

2、       Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the languages he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way, children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught-to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes and correct them for himself. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what the answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.

If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work？ Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.

56．According to the passage, the best way for children to learn things is by              .

       A．listening to skilled people’s advice         

       B．asking older people many questions

       C．making mistakes and having them corrected

       D．doing what other people do

57．Which of the following does the writer think teachers should NOT do?

       A．Give children correct answers.              B．Allow children to make mistakes.

       C．Point out children’s mistakes to them.    D．Let children mark their own work.

58．The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are           .

       A．different from learning other skills         B．the same as learning skills

       C．more important than other skills            D．not really important skills

59．The title of this passage could probably the            .

       A．Let Us Teachers Stop Work                  B．Let Us Make Children Learn

       C．Let Children Correct Their Exercises     D．Let Children Learn by Themselves

32、 (山东省济宁市2008—2009学年度高三第一阶段质量检测)

假设你是李华，在英国参加夏令营时成为下图中的交通事故的唯一目击者，警察要求你用英语填写下面表格。请根据图中信息加上合理想象陈述事故发生的时间、地点、原因、过程和结果。词数控制在120—150之间。（直接写在表格中）

31、 (北京海淀区2009年高三年级第二学期期中练习——情景作文)

假设你是红星中学高三一的学生李华，上周你们班组织了一次感谢恩师的活动。请根据下面图示，为学校网站写一篇英文稿件，叙述这次活动从准备到结束的完整过程。

注意：词数不少于60。