5.despite,in spite of,though(although)

despite=in spite of 故不能再与of连用,

　in spite of (despite)+名词＝though(although)+从句。例如：

We went out in spite of (despite)the rain.

=We went out though/although it was raining.

虽然下雨，我们还是出去了。

应用

(1)He is very active ______his age.

(2)______a thorough investigation,no trace of the murderer has been found.

(3)______he was poor,he was generous.

(4)______all efforts,he failed.

答案：(1)despite/in spite of　 (2)Despite/In spite of　 (3)Although/Though　 (4)Despite/In spite of

4.clothing,clothes,cloth,dress

cloth指做衣服用的材料(布料、毛料、丝绸等)，它是物质名词，不可数名词，没有复数形式，但cloth指“具体用的布”时，是可数名词。

He bought a piece of cloth and make a table cloth.

他买了块布料做了个桌布。

clothes指各种衣服，包括外套、西装、衬衣、裤子、裙子、鞋、帽等，不指单件衣服。它既不能用作单数，也不能和表示具体数目的数词连用。不能说：a clothes,six clothes,但可以说many(these,a few,my)clothes，作主语时，谓语用复数形式。

These clothes are new.

这些衣服都是新的。

clothing 是衣服、服装的总称，集体名词，只有单数形式，是区别于其他事物的抽象概念。作主语时，谓语用单数形式。如：food,clothing and shelter衣、食、住。

可以说an article of clothing(一件衣服)，但不能说a suit of clothing,而要说a suit of clothes(一套衣服)。

A factory that makes children’s clothing.

一家生产童装的厂家。

Our clothing protects us from the cold.

衣服使我们免受寒冷。

dress指外面穿着的衣服，有修饰的意味。尤指女子的连衣裙及某种特殊场合下穿着的服装(礼服)，这时dress是可数名词。

Oh,Pierre,how wonderful!But I haven’t got a dress to the ball!

啊，皮埃尔，太好了！可是我还没有参加舞会的衣服啊！

He doesn’t care much about dress.

他不太讲究衣着。

应用

(1)How much ______does it take to make a coat for the child?

(2)One by one he took out the books and wiped them with a duster ______.

(3)All of her ______were made by her mother.

(4)He had to buy a good many ______.

(5)A coat is an article of ______.

(6)She looks pretty in her pink summer ______.

答案：(1)cloth　 (2)cloth　 (3)clothes　 (4)clothes　 (5)clothing　 (6)dress

3.certain,sure 确信，有把握

相同点：① 都可接about/of,意思是“确信，对……有把握”，只能用人作主语。

Are you sure/certain of that?

你对那件事有把握吗？

②都可接不定式，意思是“一定会……”，人或物均可作主语。

He is certain/sure to succeed.

他一定会成功。

The project is sure/certain to be a success.

这个计划一定会成功。

③后面跟连接词(疑问词，连词whether)+不定式结构，意思是“确定……”，只能用人作主语。

I’m not sure/certain what to do.

我不知道怎么办。

④都可跟从句，意思是“肯定……，确定……”，只能用人作主语。

I’m not sure/certain whether I’ve met him before.

我不能确定以前是否见过他。

不同点：sure不能用于“It is certain that...”句型。

It is certain that your team will win.

你们队肯定会赢。

应用

It’s quite ______that Dr Smith will be present at the meeting.

A.certain　　　　　 B.sure　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 C.certainly　　　　　　　　　　 D.surely

答案:A

2.most,a most,the most

most前没有定冠词，不是最高级，而是副词原级，相当于very,意为“极，很，十分”。即：

most=very用来加强语气

a most=a very

the most+adj.为形容词的最高级形式，常用于有一定范围限制的情况

例如：The meeting proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.

会议在极友好的气氛中进行。

It is most beautiful!

真是美极了！

应用

(1)This is ______interesting book but it is not ______interesting book I have ever read.

(2)We shall ______certainly come.

(3)You’re very helpful and ______kind.

答案：(1)most,the most　 (2)most　 (3)most

1.lie,lay

例如：Success lies in hard work.

成功在于勤奋。

Lies have short legs.

谎言总是站不住脚的。

Lu Xun laid down medicine and took up writing.

鲁迅弃医从文。

Many people laid down their lives for our country.

许多人为祖国献出了生命。

She laid herself down.=She lay down.

她躺下了。

应用

The boy ______in bed ______to us that the hen had ______two eggs,and he ______the eggs on the table.

答案：lying,lied,laid,laid

5.so+adj.+ a/an+n.句型

教材原句

He is young,but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.

他很年轻但是我过去从来不知道有这么年轻又如此聪明的人。

如果形容词前有as,so,too,how时，a/an就放在形容词之后，其结构是：as/too/so/how+adj.+a/an+n.。

补充例句

(1)Did you notice that you had made so serious a mistake?

你注意到你犯了一个如此严重的错误吗？

(2)How wonderful a plan it would be!

多好的计划啊！

(3)Russian is so difficult a language for us Chinese to learn.

俄语对我们中国人来说是很难学的一门语言。

(4)In my opinion,he is as good a doctor as I.

依我看，他和我一样，都是个好医生。

(5)It is too serious a matter.I can’t deal with it alone.

这个事情太严重了，我一个人处理不了。

疑难突破

4.倍数表达法

教材原句

If you offered me six times what you have just offered,I would still take my pound of flesh.

即使你愿意给我六倍于你刚才提出的钱数，我也要得到我应得的一磅肉。

特别提示

英语中表示倍数的句式有：

倍数+as+形容词(副词)原级+as

倍数+形容词(副词)比较级+than

倍数+the+名词(size,weight,height,depth,

length,width等)+of...

形容词的比较级+than...+by+倍数

倍数+what从句

用times表示倍数时，一般是限于表示三倍或三倍以上的数，表示两倍用twice或double,一倍则用once。

补充例句

(1)This square is three times as big as that one.

=This square is twice bigger than that one.

=This square is three times the size of that one.

=This square is bigger than that one by twice.

这个方块是那个的三倍大(大两倍)。

(2)He offered me six times what you have just offered.

他愿意给我六倍于你所提供的钱。

(3)Asia is four times as large as Europe.

亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。

(4)The tower is twice the height of the building.

这塔是那栋楼房的两倍高。

(5)The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.

地球的体积是月球的49倍。

3.it指时间的用法

教材原句

It was four o’clock in the afternoon when he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan,where....

当他和爷爷到达广汉博物馆时，时间已是下午4点了……

特别提示

此句是主从复合句。it指时间，when引导的是时间状语从句。又如：It was early morning when we got home.我们到家时，时间已是凌晨了。

Was it 1949 when our town was liberated?

我们镇解放的时间是1949年吗？(it指时间，when在从句中作状语，不能由that充当)

Was it in 1949 that our town was liberated?

我们镇是在1949年解放的吗(强调句型)

2.it用作形式主语的句型(2)

教材原句

At first,it was thought that it was through war and armed conflict,but....

起初，据认为铁是由于战争和武器冲突才出现的。但……

特别提示

句中，it was thought+ that...,it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句，第二个it指上文的“铁”(iron)。掌握句型：It is said/thought/believed...=People say/think/believe that...=Sb./Sth.is said/believed/thought to do....

补充例句

It is known to all that Taiwan belongs to China.

众所周知，台湾属于中国。

It’s hoped that China will become stronger and stronger,more and more beautiful.

希望中国越来越美丽、富强。

The Yellow River is said to be “the mother river”.It runs across China like a huge dragon.

据说黄河是“母亲之河”。它就像一条巨龙穿过中国。

It’s said that the book has been translated into English.

=People say that the book has been translated into English.

=The book is said to have been translated into English.

据说，这本书已被译成了英文。

1.it用作形式主语的句型(1)

教材原句

It is useless trying to argue with Shylock.

想同夏洛克争论是没有用的。

特别提示

It’s useless/no use/no good+ doing sth.是一个主从复合句，it是形式主语，真正的主语是其后的v.-ing形式，意为“做某事没用/没好处”。

补充例句

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

覆水难收。

It will be useless learning a theory without practice.

学习理论而不实践是没有用的。