13.3 强调句结构

　 常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。 　 It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。 　 此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。 　　It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 　　It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 典型例题 1) It was last night ___ I see the comet. A.　the time　B.　when　 C.　that　D.　which 　 答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。　强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。 　原句：　My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 　强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 　强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening. 　强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when) 　强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening. 2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. that　B. when　 C. since　 D. as 　 答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It　 be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。 　 It is /was +时间+ since…　其中is<---> has been　 was <---> had been.

13.2 感叹句结构

　感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。 　what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： 　掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。 How +形容词+ a +名词+　　　　陈述语序　　 How+形容词或副词+　　　　　陈述语序 What +名词+　　　　　　陈述语序 What+a+形容词+名词+　　　　陈述语序 What+ 形容词+复数名词+　　　 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+不可数名词+　　　 陈述语序 How clever a boy he is! How lovely the baby is! What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is! What wonderful ideas (we have)! What cold weather it is! 感叹句的省略形式为： What a clever boy (he is)! 典型例题 1)___ food you've cooked! A. How a nice　B. What a nice　C. How nice　 D. What nice 　答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数) 2)___terrible weather we've been having these days!　 A. What　 B. What a　C. How　 D. How a　 　答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。 3) --- _____ I had! 　--- You really suffered a lot. A. What a time　B. What time　 C. How a time　 D. how time 　答案A.　感叹句分两类： 　　　1：What + n.+主谓部分 　　　2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。

13.1 祈使句结构

　 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。 1) 祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。 　　 Take this seat. 　　 Do be careful. 　否定结构： 　　Don't move. 　　Don't be late. 2) 第二种祈使句以let开头。 　Let 的反意疑问句 　a. Let's 包括说话者　 　 Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we? 　 = Shall we have another try? 　b.　Let us 不包括说话者 　 Let us have another try，will you / won't you? 　 = Will you please let us have another try? 否定结构： 　Let's not talk of that matter. 　Let us not talk of that matter.

12.7 need/want/require/worth

　注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。 　　Your hair wants cutting.　你的头发该理了。 　　The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。 　　The book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。 典型例题 　The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.　 A. cleaning　 B. be cleaned　 C. clean　 D. being cleaned 　答案A. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。 典：done，"不可能已经"。must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。

句子的种类

12.6 被动形式表示主动意义

be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries 　He is graduated from a famous university. 　他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。 　He married a rich girl. 　He got married to a rich girl.

12.5 主动形式表示被动意义

　1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… 　The book sells well.　这本书销路好。 　This knife cuts easily.　 这刀子很好用。 　2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build 　I was to blame for the accident. 　Much work remains. 　3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 　The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 　This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 　This book is worth reading.　这本书值得一读。 　4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。

12.4 不用被动语态的情况

　1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态： appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. 　After the fire, very little remained of my house. 　比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 　 　(错) The price has been risen. 　(对) The price has risen. 　(错) The accident was happened last week.　　 　(对) The accident happened last week. 　(错) The price has raised.　　　　　 　(对) The price has been raised. 　(错) Please seat.　　　　　　　 　(对) Please be seated. 　要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 　 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 　This key just fits the lock. 　Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 　 　 3) 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 　 It sounds good. 　 　 4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life 　She dreamed a bad dream last night. 　 　 5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 　 (对) She likes to swim. 　 (错) To swim is liked by her.

12.3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组

　believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that…　 据说　 It is reported that… 据报道　　 It is believed that…　大家相信　　　 It is hoped that…　大家希望 It is well known that… 众所周知　 It is thought that…　大家认为 It is suggested that…　据建议　　　 It is taken granted that…　 被视为当然　 It has been decided that… 大家决定　 It must be remember that…务必记住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.

12.2 短语动词的被动语态

　短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 　This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. 　My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.　 　Such a thing has never been heard of before..

12.1 let 的用法

　1)当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。 　 They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go. 　 　2) 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。 　The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 　----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.