11.8 用现在进行时表示将来

　 意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 　 I'm leaving tomorrow. 　 Are you staying here till next week?

11.7 一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 　　When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2)倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： 　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3)在时间或条件句中。 　　 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 　　 I hope they have a nice time next week. 　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

11.6 be to和be going to

　 be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 　 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　 (客观安排) 　I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

11.5 be going to / will

用于条件句时， be going to　表将来 　　　　 will　表意愿 　If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. 　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

11.4 一般将来时

1)　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。 　will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 　Which paragraph shall I read first. 　Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2)　be going to +不定式，表示将来。 　 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。 　　What are you going to do tomorrow? 　 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 　 The play is going to be produced next month。 　 c. 有迹象要发生的事 　 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3)　 be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 　He is about to leave for Beijing. 　 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

11.3 used to / be used to

　used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。 　Mother used not to be so forgetful.　 　Scarf used to take a walk.　 (过去常常散步) 　be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。 　He is used to a vegetarian diet.　 　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) 典型例题　　 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442.　　　 A. didn't　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't 　答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。

11.2 一般过去时的用法

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 　 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 　 Where did you go just now? 2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 　 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.　　　 3)句型： 　 It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了" 　 It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了" 　 It is time for you to go to bed.　 你该睡觉了。 　 It is time you went to bed.　　你早该睡觉了。 　 would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事' 　 I'd rather you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 　I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较： 　一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 　Christine was an invalid all her life.　 　 (含义：她已不在人间。) 　Christine has been an invalid all her life.　 　 (含义：她现在还活着) 　Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 　 (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) 　Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. 　( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 　 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 　　Did you want anything else? 　　I wondered if you could help me. 2)情态动词 could, would. 　　Could you lend me your bike?

11.1 一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 　 时间状语： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday 　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 　 The earth moves around the sun. 　 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 　 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。 　 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 　 I don't want so much. 　 Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 　　I am doing my homework now. 　第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

10.2 With的复合结构作独立主格

　表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 　with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. 　 = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 　The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied　 B. having tied　C. to be tied　D. tied　 　答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 　 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 　 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.　 　 ( hand前不能加his)。　　　 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。 　 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 　 典型例题： 　Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. 　A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting 　 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 　 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

动词的时态

10.1 独立主格

(一)： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。　 (二) 独立主格结构的特点： 　1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 　2)名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 　3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： 　The test finished, we began our holiday. 　= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 　考试结束了，我们开始放假。 　 　The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 　= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 　总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　 　如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home.　　 　工作完成后，我们才回家。 　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　 　会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 　He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 　 　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 　他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆