2.　　　 Look at the four pictures with sentences in the direct speech. Then complete the article using the past perfect tense by changing the sentences into the indirect speech.

1.　　　 Please read Part B on page 50 and complete the passage using the simple past tense or the past perfect tense.

1. Go over the notes about Amelia Earhart on Page 49 to see who she was and what happened to her and then complete the story.

2. Please read the following two sentences and identify the differences between them:

Toby said, “I have stayed in Africa for more than a month.”

Toby said that he had stayed in Africa for more than a month.

Note that when we change a sentence from the direct speech into the indirect speech like this, the tense will be changed from the present perfect tense to the past perfect tense.

Step 4: Consolidation

1. Please go over the guidelines and the example sentences on page 51 and identify the differences between the present perfect tense and the past perfect tense.

Look at the examples:

Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.

Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangely.

Now from the following diagrams you can see the different times of each example sentence given.

Howard Carter became famous

Future

Past　　　　　　　　　 Present

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Present

Past

　　　　　　　 The tomb had　　　　 People began to fall

　　　　　　　 been opened.　　　　　 ill and die strangely.

4. Please talk about what time expressions can be used with the past perfect tense and how the tense is formed. Then we’ll go over Points 4 and 5 on page 48.

Step 3:Present perfect or past perfect?

We’ve learned both the present perfect tense and the past perfect tense, but do you know when to use the present perfect and when the past perfect.

3. Go over Point 3 to see in what situation the past perfect tense can be used.

2. Read the following two sentences to see how the predicate is changed when the sentence is turned from the direct speech into the indirect speech.

　　 Toby said, “I will/shall not be in London next week.”

　　 Toby said that he would not be in London the next week.

　 Next let’s look at another two sentences:

　 Toby said, “I went to Africa a month ago.”

　 Toby said that he had gone to Africa a month before.

　 So you see if a sentence which uses the simple past tense in the direct speech is changed into the indirect speech, it will use the past perfect tense. Now go over Point 2 on page 48.

1. Read Point 1 on page 48 to see which action happens first in the sentence given. Note that the past perfect tense is often used with the simple past tense. If one action happens before another in the past, the past perfect tense is used. So these two tenses are often used together.

Look at the diagram in Point 1 first, and then read the example sentence. Note how the past perfect tense is used with the simple past tense.

5. Read Part A in Reading on page 100 in Workbook and answer the questions.

　　 ● Grammar and Usage

Here we will learn to recognize situations where the past perfect tense is used and the time expressions used together with the tense. We will also see how the tense is formed. You will read two stories and complete them using the correct verb forms. Pay attention to the differences between the past perfect tense and the simple past tense.

Step 1: Past perfect tense

Past perfect tense is used to indicate that one action occurred before another action in the past. In other words, past perfect tense indicates the first of the two actions.

Form of Past Perfect [had] + [past participle] Examples: I had studied a little English when I came to the U.S. They had never met an American until they met John.

Note: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Past Perfect (had met), adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (had never met).

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples: I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992? Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-continuous Verbs)

With Non-progressive Verbs and some non-progressive uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. Examples: We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. IMPORTANT　 Specific Times with the Past Perfect Unlike the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

EXAMPLE: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. 　 If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when before or after is used in the sentence. The words before and after actually tell you what happens first so the Past Perfect is optional. Both sentences below are correct. EXAMPLE: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. HOWEVER If the Past Perfect action did not happen at a specific time, Past Perfect MUST be used at all times. Compare the two sentences below.

EXAMPLE: She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct ACTIVE / PASSIVE FORMS of Past Perfect EXAMPLES George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanics license. ACTIVE Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license. PASSIVE

Step 2: Practice