3.就近(远)一致原则

①当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。

Either the teacher or the students are our friends.　

Neither he nor they are wholly right.

Neither they nor he is wholly right.　

Is neither he nor they wholly right?

②there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and　 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。

There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

There is a desk and two chairs in the room.

③主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。

Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.

A woman with a baby was on the bus.

Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.

She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.

No one except my teachers knows anything about it.

[高考预测]

2.逻辑意义一致原则

①What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。

Which is your bag?　　　　　　　 Which are your bags?

Are any of you good at English?　　 Has any of you got a pen?

All can be done has been done.　　 All is going well.

All have been taken out.　　　　　 All have gone to Beijing.

②表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。

Thirty minutes is enough for the work..

Twenty pounds is too dear.

如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式

Forty kilos of water are used every day.

③若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。

The United States is smaller than China.

“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.

④表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

One and a half apples is left on the table.

⑤一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，

它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。

I don’t think physics is easy to study.

⑥trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of等量词修饰时(clothes被a suit of 修饰)谓语动词用单数。

My glasses are broken.

The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

⑦“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。

The old are taken good care of there.

The beautiful gives pleasure to all.

1.语法一致原则

①以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。

His father is working on the farm.　　　　

To study English well is not easy.

Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.　

What he said is very important for us all.

由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。

what I bought were three English books.　

What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.

②由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。

The writer and artist has come.

Every student and every teach is in the classroom.

Many a boy and many a girl likes it.

No boy and no girl likes it.

Each of us has a new book.　　　 Is everyone here today?

Somebody is speaking in class.　　 Everything around us is matter

若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。

None of the sugar was left.　　

None of us has (have) been to America.

③在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。

　 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.

He is one of my friends who are working hard.

He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.

④在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致。

It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.

It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.

⑤如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式。

The police are looking for the lost child.　

The cattle are eating grass in the field.

His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)

His family are watching TV.(他的家人)

Class four is on the third floor.(四班)

Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.(四班的学生)

⑥由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。

There are a lot of people in the classroom.　　

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

50 percent of the students in our class are girls.

此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法(用复数)，但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定(用单数)。

A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.

The number of pages in this book is three hundred.

⑦在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致

There comes the bus.　　　　　　

On the wall are many pictures.

Such is the result.　　　　　　　

Such are the facts.

Between the two hills stands a monument.

6.表示泛指的时间名词

summer holidays(暑假)，winter weather(冬天的天气)，time zone(时区)，evening dress(晚礼服)，

morning paper(晨报)，Sunday edition(星期日版)，rooster year stamp(鸡年邮票)，night school(夜校)　

但表具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格结构来表达。

如：yesterday’s news(昨天的消息)，an hour’s drive(开车一小时的路程)

注：名词作定语时，一般用单数形式，但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。

如：sports meet(运动会)，the United States government(美国政府)，students reading-room(学生阅览室)，goods train(货车)，two men doctors(两个男医生)　　　　

注意：a-seven-year-old child中的year不能用复数形式

5.说明后一名词的内容

forest programmes(森林规划)，weight problems(体重问题)，science lab(科学实验室)，

computer studies(电脑学习)，weather report(天气报)，film industry(电影工业)，

wildlife project(野生动物工程)，China Daily(中国日报)，body language(体语言)

4.表示用途性质

coffee cups(咖啡杯)，book stores(书店)，sports shoes(运动鞋)，food factory(食品工厂)，women

police officers(女警官)，design office(设计工作室)，fruit trees(水果树)，traffic lights(交通灯)，

bell rope(铃绳)　　

3.表示部分与整体的关系

　 river banks(河岸)，cabbage seed(卷心菜种子)，animal bones(动物骨头)，cigarette ends(烟头)，ocean floor(洋

底)，school gate(校门口)，overcoat pockets(大衣口袋)，table legs(桌脚)，tree branches(树枝)

如果谈到某特定的东西时，我们要用of结构来表示：

the windows of the classroom

2.表示存在或发生的地方

country music(乡村音乐)，forest land(森林土层)，post office(邮政局)，school education(学校教育)，palace ball(宫庭舞会)，space satellites(太空卫星)，tabke cloth(桌布)，street lights(街灯)，nature park(天然公园)，government office(政府机关)

1.表示用什么原料

stone figures(石像)，castor oil(蓖麻油)，silk books(丝绸书)，paper money(纸币)，metal pots(金属锅)，plastic sheets(塑料布)，diamond necklace(钻石项链)，gold medals(金牌)

2.名词的所有格特殊用法

一般情况下名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。

但要特别注意下列情况：

①如果一个事物为两个人所有，在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”如果不是共有，在两个名词的词尾都要加“’s”。

如：Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和麦克的房间(共有)；

Tom’s and Mike’s books汤姆的书和麦克的书(不共有)。

②表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop；house或home等词。

如：the tailor’s成衣店；the barber’s理发店；at my aunt’s在我姑姑家。

③表示无生命的名词，一般用of短语来表示所有关系，该短语位于其修饰的名词之后。

如：the teachers　 of our school.

但表示时间﹑距离﹑国家﹑城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格。

如：today’s papers, ten minutes’ walk。

拟人代名词的所有格用“’s”。

如：Nature’s works(大自然的杰作)，Heaven’s will(天意)，Fortune’s favorite(幸运的宠儿)

④表示有生命的名词也可以用of短语表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时，就只能用of短语

来表示所有关系。

如：the teacher of the boys who are playing football on the playground.

⑤of短语+所有格的用法：在表示所属物的名词前如有不定冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用of

短语+所有格这一结构表示所属关系，如：an old friend of my uncle’s

注：在无上下文的单句中，用双重所有格(of短语加所有格)或用of短语表示 所有关系都可以，只

是侧重点不同

如：He is an old friend of my uncle着重说明的是“我叔叔的”老朋友，不是别人的。

He is an old friend of my uncle’s着重说明的是我叔叔有好几位老朋友，他只是其中的一位。

要注意的是双重所有格应是独立的，即其后不再接名词， 如果接名词则显得十分不自然

如：One of my friends’ house was burned down last night.(显得不自然)

The house of one of my friends was burned down last night.(显得自然通顺)

⑥其他情况：

在某些固定词组或习惯用法中的所有格不可随意推断其意思

at arm’s length保持一定距离　　 at his finger’s ends对某事熟知

within a stone’s throw离得很近　 out of harm’s way安全的地方